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Nagayama. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2021;7:6 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2020.114 Page 9 of 16

Table 2. Summary of the articles reporting anti-tumorigenic action of autophagy
The effect on cell The effects of autophagy
TC cell lines used The effect of KD Ref.
growth/survival inhibition
Autophagy inhibitors
BIRC7 BCPAP, TPC1, K1 and Promotion of tumor growth Inhibition of BIRC7- [85]
IHH-4 and migration/invasion induced tumor growth
and migration/invasion by
BIRC7 KD
miRNA-221/222 K1 Inhibition of apoptosis Suppression of [86]
Promotion of migration and miRNA-221/222 inhibitor-
invasion induction of apoptosis by
Suppression of ATG10 ATG10 siRNA
expression
Autophagy stimulators
Apigenin BCPAP Induction of autophagic cell Blockade of apigenin- [75]
death and G2/M arrest induction of cell death by
3-MA
Sanguinarine BCPAP and TPC1 Inhibition of cell Abolishment of [87]
proliferation, and induction sanguinarine’s anti-cancer
of ROS and apoptosis effect by NAC-mediated
ROS inhibition
Aloperine KMH-2 (N-RAS Q61R Induction of cell death Impairment of aloperine- [88]
and TERT 228C>T ) and induced cell death effect by
IHH-4 3-MA
IncRNA GAS8- TPC1 and BCPAP Inhibition of cell Impairment of anti- [91]
AS1 proliferation proliferative effect of
IncRNA GAS8-AS1 by ATG5
siRNA
Allicin SW1736 and Hth-7 Inhibition of cell survival Abolishment of anti- [89,90]
survival effect of allicine by
3-MA and CQ
Mulberry SW1736 and Hth- Induction of apoptosis Abolishment of mulberry- [90]
anthocyanin 7 (N-RAS Q61R and induced apoptosis by 3-MA
TERT 250C>T ) and CQ
Doxorubicin TPC1 and 8505C Induction of cell death Impairment of doxorubicin/ [92]
radiation-induced cell
death by 3-MA
Radiation
RAD001 TPC1 and 8505C Sensitization to doxorubicin Abolishment of sensitizing [93]
and radiation effect of RAD001 by ATG5
siRNA
Sirtuin 6 TPC1 and K1 Inhibition of in vivo tumor Cancellation of Sirtuin [97]
growth 6-mediated tumor growth
inhibition by CQ

IncRNA GAS8-AS1: long non-coding RNA GAS8 antisense RNA 1; BIRC7: baculoviral IAP repeat containing 7; KD: knockdown; CQ:
chloroquine; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine

Table 3. Summary of the articles reporting context-dependent effect of autophagy modulators on cancer behavior
Autophagy TC cell lines used The effects on autophagy and The effects of autophagy inhibition Ref.
modulators cell growth/survival
TRAIL TPC1 Induction of autophagy and cell Impairment of TRAIL-induced cell death [98]
death by ATG7 siRNA (indicating anti-survival
effect of TRAIL-induced autophagy)
FRO Induction of cell death but not Impairment of TRAIL-induced cell death
autophagy by ATG7 siRNA (indicating anti-survival
effect of basal level of autophagy)
FAM129A PCCL3 (a normal rat thyroid cell Induction of autophagy at the basal - [99]
line) level, but inhibition of RET/PTC-
enhanced autophagy
TPC1 and FTC-236 (PTEN R130Ter , Inhibition of autophagy -
TERT 228C>T ,and p53 R273H )
TRAIL: tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand; FAM129A: family with sequence similarity 129 member A