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Liu et al. Hepatoma Res 2016;2:331-40 Hepatoma Research
DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2016.38
www.hrjournal.net
Review Open Access

Novel predictive and prognostic strategies

of hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular

carcinoma

Wen-Bin Liu*, Fan Yang*, Ding-Yi Shao*, Guang-Wen Cao

Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
*Authors contributed equally.
Correspondence to: Prof. Guang-Wen Cao, Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai 200433,
China. E-mail: gcao@smmu.edu.cn

How to cite this article: Liu WB, Yang F, Shao DY, Cao GW. Novel predictive and prognostic strategies of hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular
carcinoma. Hepatoma Res 2016;2:331-40.

ABSTRACT
Article history: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy and an important cause of cancer
Received: 14-09-2016 death worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major cause of HCC. Recent
Accepted: 12-12-2016 studies of HBV-induced carcinogenesis not only discovered many new biomarkers but also
Published: 23-12-2016 developed a novel theory: Cancer Evolution-Development (Cancer Evo-Dev). Cancer Evo-Dev
provides an evolutionary insight of developing more reasonable predictive and prognostic
Key words: strategies. Characterizing chronic inflammatory microenvironment of cancer evolution, genetic
Hepatocellular carcinoma, polymorphisms of inflammatory factors, and HCC-related HBV mutations that negatively
hepatitis B virus, selected by host immunity may help greatly in identifying HBV-infected individuals who
evolution, are more likely to develop HCC or benefit from HCC prophylactic options. Gene expression
prediction, signatures and somatic mutation profiles reflect the different patterns of signaling pathway
prognosis networks underlying tumor heterogeneity and can be applied to improve the molecular
classification and prognostic stratification of HCC patients. Mutant cells that survive the
selection can retro-differentiate into tumor initial cells and aggressive sub-clones. Detection of
mutants or their hallmarks in cell-free DNA in peripheral blood potentially improve the early
diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and personalized treatment of HBV-caused HCC.

[2]
INTRODUCTION and related deaths. Chronic infection of hepatitis B
virus (HBV) is the major etiological reason for HCC in
[3,4]
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most these areas, which contributes 80-90% of HCC patients.
frequently diagnosed cancers and an important cause According to a cohort study conducted in Taiwan, the
of cancer death worldwide. Annually, there are 782,500 cumulative lifetime (age 30 to 75 years) incidences
HCC incident cases and 745,500 HCC-caused deaths of HCC for men and women that positive for hepatitis
[1]
worldwide. Developing countries in East Asia and B surface antigen (HBsAg) were 27.38% and 7.99%,
Sub-Saharan Africa contribute 80% of new HCC cases far more than those of men and women negative
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