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Page 10 of 22 Ma et al. Hepatoma Res. 2026;12:43

Table 3. Summary of prognostic prediction models for HCC patients
Publication Construction Model Prediction
Model Use parameters Key settings
time methods characteristics contents
Combining tumor
burden, liver
function, and
Tumor size, tumor The “treatment imaging response
number, baseline Univariate response” was after the first TACE,
SNACOR model [45] 2016 AFP level, Child- analysis, introduced as a early identify OS
Pugh grade, tumor multivariate Cox prognostic variable patients with poor
response regression for the first time prognosis and
guide subsequent
treatment
strategies
Univariate Stratify
analysis, recommended
multivariate Cox Extremely simple, TACE candidates
Largest tumor tumor burden-only,
Six-and-twelve regression before initial
score [46] 2019 diameter, tumor (stepwise pre-treatment, treatment based OS
number categorical
regression), solely on tumor
restricted cubic stratification burden (score =
splines size + number)
Evaluate patient
Static Univariate prognosis before
model analysis, Continuous, pre- the first TACE
tumor number, treatment, includes using seven
tumor size, AFP, multivariate Cox liver function and baseline variables
Pre-TACE-predict 2020 albumin, bilirubin, regression etiology, accounts to identify those OS
model [48] (backward
vascular invasion, for center unlikely to benefit
aetiology elimination) with clustering, online from TACE and
cluster-robust calculator available facilitate early
standard errors
alternative
treatment decisions
Stratify
recommended
TACE candidates
Univariate Continuous, pre- before initial
analysis, treatment, treatment using
Largest tumor multivariate Cox integrates tumor tumor burden and
Six-and-twelve 2025 diameter, tumor regression burden and biology, baseline AFP with OS
score 2.0 [47] number, Baseline (stepwise AFP-dependent AFP-dependent
AFP level regression), flexible cut-offs, cut-offs, providing
restricted cubic online calculator individualized pre-
splines available
treatment survival
prediction via an
online calculator