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Table 2. Summary of clinical trials for combination therapy with ablation
Identifier Study title Interventions Primary outcome Secondary outcome Phases Locations
NCT00699816 Efficacy and safety of immuncell-LC group and non-treatment Curative treatment combined with RFS OS, cancer-specific III Korea
group in hepatocellular carcinoma patients CIK cells survivals
NCT01853618 Tremelimumab with chemoembolization or ablation for liver Tremelimumab + RFA or TACE AEs PFS, OS I/II United States
cancer
NCT02851784 Combination therapy of microwave ablation and cellular Radical MWA combined with CIK Cumulative survival DFS II/III China
immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma cells rates
NCT03864211 Thermal ablation followed by immunotherapy for HCC RFA/MWA followed by PFS ORR, OS, DCR, TMR, etc. I/II China
toripalimab
NCT03867084 Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab (MK-3475) vs. placebo Complete surgical resection or RFS, OS AEs, HRQoL III United States, Argentina,
as adjuvant therapy in participants with HCC and complete local ablation combined with Australia, Belgium, Brazil,
radiological response after surgical resection or local ablation pembrolizumab Canada, etc.
(MK-3475-937/KEYNOTE-937)
NCT03939975 Anti-PD-1 therapy combined with thermal ablation for Pembrolizumab or nivolumab or AEs, ORR, DoR, DCR TTP, PFS, OS, etc. II China
advanced HCC JS001 combined with RFA/MWA
NCT04102098 A study of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab vs. active Curative resection or ablation RFS OS, TTR, time to III United States, Australia,
surveillance as adjuvant therapy in patients with hepatocellular (RFA or MWA) combined with extrahepatic spread or Austria, Brazil, Canada, China,
carcinoma at high risk of recurrence after surgical resection or atezolizumab and bevacizumab or macrovascular invasion, Costa Rica, Czechia, France,
ablation not AEs, etc. Germany, etc.
NCT04204577 The safety and efficacy of thermal ablation combined with Local ablation combined with PFS ORR, DCR, OS, AEs, SAEs, II China
apatinib and carilimub for advanced liver cancer apatinib and PD-1 antibody SHR- HRQoL
1210 or not
NCT04220944 Combined locoregional treatment with immunotherapy for MWA combined with PFS ORR, TTP, OS, TEAEs I China
unresectable HCC simultaneous TACE plus PD-1
inhibitor
NCT04517227 The combination therapy of TACE and ablation with TACE and ablation combined with AEs PFS, TTP, OS NA China
durvalumab in HCC at intermediate stage durvalumab
NCT04652440 Ablation combined with PD-1 in HCC: phase II study PD-1 antibody and RFA or MWA TRAEs, SAEs CR, TFR, local recurrence I/II China
rate, distant metastasis
rate, DFS, OS
NCT04665609 Thermal ablation combined with anlotinib and TQB2450 MWA plus TQB2450 solution ORR OS, PFS, DCR, HRQoL, AEs, II/I China
solution for HCC (anti-PD-L1) combined with SAEs
anlotinib or not
NCT04864379 Clinical study of a personalized neoantigen cancer vaccine Neoantigen cancer vaccine (iNeo- AEs, ORR, measurement OS, PFS, the diversity and I China
combined with anti-PD-1 and RFA in patients with solid tumors Vac-P01) combined with anti-PD- of CD4/CD8+T clonability of T cells
1 antibody and RFA lymphocyte subsets
NCT06537505 A Study of MWA combined with immunotherapy ± anti- MWA and adebrelimab combined ORR DCR, PFS, OS, AEs II China
angiogenic drugs in the treatment of solid tumors with apatinib or not
AEs: Adverse events; CIK: cytokine-induced killer; CR: complete response; DCR: disease control rate; DoR: duration of response; DFS: disease-free survival; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HRQoL: health-related
quality of life; MWA: microwave ablation; ORR: objective response rate; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; RFA: radiofrequency ablation; RFS: recurrence-free survival; SAEs: serious adverse events;
TEAEs: treatment emergent adverse events; TACE: transarterial catheter chemoembolization; TFR: treatment failure rate; TMR: tumor marker response; TTP: time to tumor progression; TTR: time to recurrence.