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Cai et al. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids 2023;4:262-82 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/evcna.2023.10 Page 15

while providing a protective envelope and effective delivery of the therapeutic agents into human cells.

Gradually, research on plant and microbial EVs will begin to catch up with the greater knowledge of
mammalian EVs, and the field of EV-mediated intra-organismal cell-to-cell communication and cross-
kingdom/organismal communication will continue to grow. No cell exists alone, and whether as part of the
tissues of a larger organism or as a single-celled member of a microbial community, research is increasingly
demonstrating the importance of EVs in mediating cargo exchange and communication between cells,
tissues, and organisms.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgment
We apologize that we would not be able to include and cite many related interesting studies due to the space
limitation.

Authors’ contributions
Conceived and designed the structure and content of this review: Jin H, Cai Q
Prepared the initial draft: Cai Q, Halilovic L, He B
Designed and prepared the figures: Jin H, Cai Q, Halilovic L, He B
Collection and collation of literature: Cai Q, Shi T, Halilovic L, Chen A, Wu H
Edited and revised the manuscript: Jin H
Read and approved the final version of the manuscript: Cai Q, Halilovic L, Shi T, Chen A, He B, Wu H, Jin
H

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial Support and Sponsorship
Work in the Cai Q. laboratory was supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China
(2022YFD1401500); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272029, 32070288); Hubei
Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2022CFA079, 2022CFA025); Work in the H.J. laboratory
was supported by the National Institute of Health (R35GM136379); the National Science Foundation (IOS
2020731); United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2021-67013-
34258); United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2019-70016-
29067); And the CIFAR ‘Fungal Kingdom’ fellowship.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.