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Chen et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500045 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.144 Page 9 of 27

Table 3. Electrochemical properties of common perovskite cathode materials
Components Conditions Operating temperature/°C Volt./V Current density/A·cm -2 Ref.
La 0.75 Sr 0.25 Cr Mn O 3-δ 5% H O/5% H /Ar 800 1.00 0.5528 [46]
2
0.5
0.5
2
La Sr Cr Ni O 80% H O/H 830 1.29 0.650 [46]
0.65 0.3 0.85 0.15 3-δ 2 2
Fe-La 0.75 Sr 0.25 Cr Mn O 3-δ 3% H O/5% H /Ar 800 2.00 0.110 [47]
0.5
0.5
2
2
(La Sr ) (Cr Ni ) Ni O 3% H O/5% H /Ar 800 2.00 0.093 [48]
0.75 0.25 0.95 0.8 0.2 0.95 0.05 3-δ 2 2
(La Sr ) Ti Mn Cu O 3-δ 100% CO 2 800 1.80 2.820 [49]
0.8 0.9
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.4
-La Sr FeO 3 20% H O/20% H /Ar 800 1.40 0.920 [50]
2
0.2
2
0.8
) (Cr Fe ) Ni
(La 0.65 Sr Ce 0.05 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.15 O 3-δ 100% CO 2 850 1.85 2.260 [24]
0.3
La Ca Fe Ni O 3-δ 100% CO 2 800 2.00 1.500 [51]
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.8
La Sr Mn Fe O 70% CO /CO 850 1.50 2.040 [52]
1.2 0.8 0.4 0.6 4-δ 2
PrBaMn O 5+δ 70% CO /CO 850 1.50 0.850 [53]
2
2
Pr Sr Ti Fe O 60% H O/H /Ar 800 1.46 0.302 [54]
0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 3-δ 2 2
Pr Sr Co Fe Mo O 3-δ 70% CO /CO 850 1.60 1.010 [55]
2
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.6
0.2
Pr Sr (NiFe) Mo O 100% CO 800 1.40 1.580 [56]
0.4 1.6 1.5 0.5 6-δ 2
Sm Ca Fe Cu O 3-δ 100% CO 2 800 1.50 1.200 [57]
0.9
0.1
0.9
0.1
Sr Ti Nb Mn O 100% CO 800 2.00 0.348 [58]
0.95 0.8 0.1 0.1 3 2
Sr 0.95 (Ti Fe 0.63 Ru 0.07 )O 3-δ 50% H O/H 2 800 1.30 1.700 [59]
0.3
2
SF 1.575 M-SDC 100% CO 2 850 1.60 0.750 [60]
Sr Fe Zr Mo O 6-δ 100% CO 2 800 1.80 1.850 [41]
1.3
0.2
0.5
2
Sr Fe Mo Cu O 6-δ 100% CO 2 800 1.40 1.940 [61]
2
1.5
0.2
0.3
Co-Fe-Sr Ti Co FeO 100% CO 800 1.60 1.260 [62]
2 0.8 0.2 6-δ 2
Figure 5. (A) Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the LSM with YSZ. Reproduced with permission from
Ref. [66] . Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (B) Cross-sectional SEM images of the SOEC. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67] . Copyright
2019, Elsevier. (C) I-V curves of the LSM-YSZ and Au-LSM-YSZ. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67] . Copyright 2019, Elsevier.
(D) Hydrogen production of the LSM, LCM, and LSCM at different temperatures. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [68] . Copyright
2017, Elsevier. (E) Constant current stability test in SOEC mode. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [69] . Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (F)
[2]
Schematic representation of the Ruddlesden-Popper-type perovskite structure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright
2023, The Royal Society of Chemistry.