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Page 6 of 27 Chen et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500045 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.144

Table 2. Electrochemical properties of different cermets
Components Conditions Operating temperature/°C Voltage/V Current density/A·cm -2 Ref.
Ni-GDC 100% H O 900 1.50 1.310 [17]
2
Ni-YSZ-BaCO 70% CO /CO 800 1.30 0.690 [18]
3 2
Ni-YSZ-Ni Co /SDC 100% H O 800 0.07 0.500 [19]
0.9
0.1
2
Ni-SDC-Ni Co /SDC 100% H O 800 1.21 0.500 [20]
0.9 0.1 2
Fe-SDC 95% CO /N 2 800 1.90 0.570 [21]
2
Cu-GDC 38% CO /H 2 750 2.00 0.071 [22]
2

Figure 4. Structure of perovskite oxide materials. (A) The structure of single perovskite SrTiO ; (B) The structure of the double
3
[2]
perovskite CaFeTi O and Sr FeMoO . Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2023, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
2 6 2 6
[25]
vacancies, thereby enhancing the catalytic ability of materials . Moreover, the modification of surface
nanostructures and the investigation of degradation mechanisms can also enhance material properties
[2]
without altering the elemental composition .
Single perovskites
Cr-based perovskites, exemplified by La Sr Cr Mn O (LSCM), are a prevalent class of single
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.75
3-δ
perovskites. It was demonstrated that the LSCM was capable of reaching a current density of 0.593 A·cm
-2
for the electrolysis of 80 vol.% H O at 1.6 V and 850 °C, thereby exhibiting considerable potential as a fuel
2
[26]
electrode for high-temperature steam electrolysis . However, it still faces problems such as low electronic
conductivity and poor catalytic activity. Ce doping can effectively improve the low conductivity of
[27]
LSCM , and the incorporation of metals, such as Ni and Fe, into the B-site of LSCM can markedly enhance
its catalytic activity [28,29] .
SrFeO (SFO)-type perovskites exhibit excellent mixed ion-electron conductivity and catalytic activity.
3-δ
Nevertheless, the Fe in SFO can be readily reduced to Fe during electrolysis, which results in the
3+
4+
decomposition of materials and renders it unsuitable for direct use in SOEC cathodes . The doping of SFO
[30]
with metal ions, such as La, Sc, Ni, Co, Mn and Nb, at the A or B sites is a common method of enhancing
the stability of materials [31,32] . La Sr VO (LSV)-based perovskites are suitable cathodes for SOECs,
0.3
0.7
3
exhibiting excellent high-temperature stability and high conductivity under hydrogen and methane