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Zhu et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500034 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.201 Page 9 of 10

the composition and structural stability of SSEs, thus enhancing the electrochemical performance of garnet-
based SLBs.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study and performed data analysis and
interpretation: Zhu, J.; Wu, Y.; Wang, L.; Lin, J.
Performed data acquisition: Zhu, J.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, H.; Xie, X.; Wang, L.; Lin, J.
Provided technical and material support: Yang, Y.; Peng, H.; Liang, X.; Qi, Q.; Lin, W.; Peng, D. L.
Wrote the first version of the manuscript: Zhu, J.; Wu, Y.; Lin, J.
All authors revised the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials
The data are available upon request from the authors.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52101273 and
U22A20118) and Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of China (No. 20720220106).
Financial support from the IEST (Initial Energy Science and Technology) (No. 20223160A0088) is also
gratefully acknowledged.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025

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