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Lv et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400018 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.90 Page 9 of 11

discharge rate performance. As previously discussed, it is precisely because the metal mixing strategy forms
an electrode with a close contact interface and stable charge/ion transport that homogenizes the local
current density and improves the CEs of the cells.

CONCLUSIONS
In summary, a new binder- and conductor-free anode of LM-W10/CF was developed by one-step simple
painting strategy. The introduction of high-melting-point W nanoparticles could effectively decrease the
fluidity and surface tension of LM and make it easy to spread evenly over the current collector; the strategy
has a negligible effect on the self-healing nature of LM. It greatly improves the inherent defects of poor
interfacial contact and Li diffusion kinetics between the LM and current collectors, regulates lithium
deposition behaviors, enhances the safety of LM anodes to a great extent and reduces the tedious and costly
electrode manufacturing process, which makes this LM-W10/CF more suitable in the field of flexible
electronic equipment. The LM-W10/CF composite electrode showed a low over-potential (~13 mV) and
maintained cycle stability for more than 8,000 h (4,000 cycles) at 0.5 or 1 mA/cm in symmetric cells.
2
Moreover, full cell tests upon pairing LFP cathodes demonstrated excellent cycling stability and rate
properties and maintained a high-capacity retention of 95.15% after 150 cycles. Utilizing this ingenious and
facile technology can definitely further improve the energy density of the LM anode and produce it in mass
production. Furthermore, it is also appropriate for other alkali metal anodes [36-38] (e.g., Na and K) and will
greatly expand the application field of flexible batteries in the future.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Materials synthesis, condition optimization, manuscript writing, electrochemical experiment testing and
analysis: Lv Y
Intellectual contribution: Hu H
Acquired funding, supervised and guided the entire work, and made a major contribution to the writing
and flow of the manuscript: Liu X

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China
(2019YFA0705700) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22179095 and U1804255).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024.