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Author Instructions

corresponding authors are suggested to provide their Open Researcher and Contributor ID upon submission. Please note
that any change to authorship is not allowed after manuscript acceptance.

2.3.1.3 Abstract
The abstract should be a single paragraph with word limitation and specific structure requirements (for more details please
refer to Types of Manuscripts). It usually describes the main objective(s) of the study, explains how the study was done,
including any model organisms used, without methodological detail, and summarizes the most important results and their
significance. The abstract must be an objective representation of the study: it is not allowed to contain results which are not
presented and substantiated in the manuscript, or exaggerate the main conclusions. Citations should not be included in the
abstract.
2.3.1.4 Graphical Abstract
The graphical abstract is essential as this can catch first view of your publication by readers. We recommend you to submit
an eye-catching figure. It should summarize the content of the article in a concise graphical form. It is recommended to use
it because this can make online articles get more attention. The graphic abstract should be submitted as a separate document
in the online submission system. Please provide an image with a minimum of 730 × 1,228 pixels (h × w) or proportionally
more. The image should be readable at a size of 7 × 12 cm using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types:
TIFF, PSD, AI, JPG, JPEG, EPS, PNG, ZIP and PDF files.
2.3.1.5 Keywords
Three to six keywords should be provided, which are specific to the article, yet reasonably common within the subject
discipline.

2.3.2 Main Text
Manuscripts of different types are structured with different sections of content. Please refer to Types of Manuscripts to
make sure which sections should be included in the manuscripts.

2.3.2.1 Introduction
The introduction should contain background that puts the manuscript into context, allow readers to understand why the
study is important, include a brief review of key literature, and conclude with a brief statement of the overall aim of the
work and a comment about whether that aim was achieved. Relevant controversies or disagreements in the field should be
introduced as well.

2.3.2.2 Experimental
Experimental should contain sufficient details to allow others to fully replicate the study. New methods and protocols
should be described in detail while well-established methods can be briefly described or appropriately cited. Experimental
participants selected, the drugs and chemicals used, the statistical methods taken, and the computer software used should
be identified precisely. Statistical terms, abbreviations, and all symbols used should be defined clearly.

2.3.2.3 Results and Discussion
This section should contain the findings of the study and discuss the implications of the findings in context of existing
research and highlight limitations of the study. Future research directions may also be mentioned. Results of statistical
analysis should also be included either as text or as tables or figures if appropriate. Authors should emphasize and summarize
only the most important observations. Data on all primary and secondary outcomes identified in the section Methods
should also be provided. Extra or supplementary materials and technical details can be placed in supplementary documents.
2.3.2.4 Conclusions
It should state clearly the main conclusions and include the explanation of their relevance or importance to the field.
2.3.3 Back Matter
2.3.3.1 Acknowledgments
Anyone who contributed towards the article but does not meet the criteria for authorship, including those who provided
professional writing services or materials, should be acknowledged. Authors should obtain permission to acknowledge
from all those mentioned in the Acknowledgments section. This section is not added if the author does not have anyone to
acknowledge.

2.3.3.2 Authors’ Contributions
Each author is expected to have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, or the acquisition,
analysis, or interpretation of data, or the creation of new software used in the work, or have drafted the work or substantively
revised it.