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Rehman et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400068 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.06 Page 49 of 64

Table 3. Effects of dimensional structure and electrode formulations on optimized SIB performance using alloy-based anodes
Specific Current Rate Current
Dimensional Electrolyte Electrode composition ICE Cycle
capacity
structure Materials Synthesis methods system (%) (%) (mAh g ) density number Performance density Ref.
-1
(A g )
-1
(mAh g )
-1
(A g )
-1
Tin-based anode materials
0D Sn@CFC Electrospinning 1M NaClO in Freestanding 42.3 255 0.05 200 100 1 [293 ]
4
method EC/DMC with
5% FEC
Porous carbon Template-assisted 1M NaClO in AM:carbon black:PVDF 73 202 1.28 550 188 2.56 [294 ]
4
nanocages@Sn CVD and in-situ EC/PC with 5% (80:10:10)
reduction FEC
Sn naniparticles@C Aerosol spray 1M NaClO in AM:super P carbon:CMC 67 415 1 500 349 4 [295 ]
4
pyrolysis method EC/DEC (70:15:15)
1D Sn nanofibers Electrodeposition 1M NaClO in PC - 68 776 0.1 C 100 ~260 5 C [296 ]
4
with 2% FEC
Sn@N-doped carbon Annealing 1M NaPF in AM:acetylene black:sodium 78.4 347 5 10,000 437 5 [75]
6
DME carboxymethylcellulose
(80:10:10)
3D Microsized gray-Sn Commercial 1M NaPF in Am:acetylene black:CMC 80 451 2 3,500 464 4 [297 ]
6
DGM (70:20:10)
Porous Sn Replacement reaction 1M NaPF in AM:super P carbon:PVDF - 660 2.5 400 667.6 6.5 [298 ]
6
DME (70:20:10)
Antimony-based anode materials
0D Sb@NS-3DPC Pyrolysis 1M NaClO in PC AM:conductive carbon:CMC 61.1 259 10 20,000 283.8 10 [299]
4
with 10% FEC (70:15:15)
1D SbSn nanoarrays Electro deposition and annealing 1M NaPF in AM: carbon black:PVDF 83 511 2 C 800 521 5 C [300 ]
6
DME (80:10:10)
Bi 0.75 Sb 0.25 pyramid Electro deposition and annealing 1M NaPF in AM:carbon black:PVDF 86 284 0.5 2,000 335 2.5 [301]
6
arrays DME (80:10:10)
2D antimonene/C Liquid-phase exfoliation 1M NaPF in - 71.2 451.3 0.2 150 334.5 /5 [302 ]
6
EC/DMC with
5% FEC
few-layer antimonene Liquid-phase exfoliation 1M NaClO in AM: carbon black:CMC 64.7 620 0.5 C 150 429 5 C [303 ]
4
EC/DEC with 5% (65:20:15)
FEC
3D Nanoporous Bi Sb Dealloying 1M NaPF in PC AM:acetylene black -super 69.8 258 0.2 2,000 304.2/15 [304 ]
2 6 6
with 5% FEC P:CMC (60:25:15)
Phosphorous-based anode materials
0D P/TiN Mechanical milling method 1M NaClO in AM:super-P carbon:CMC 86.8 91.3 0.2 300 339 20 [305 ]
4
EC/DEC with 5% (80:10:10)