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Page 6 of 14 Liang et al. Energy Mater 2023;3:300006 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.63

Figure 3. SEM images and photograph of the (A) PP separator; (B) GNF separator; and (C) the cathode side and (D) cross-section of
CZGNF; diameter distributions of (E) GNF and (F) CZGNF.

electrospinning, the stretching effect of the electrostatic field on the solution will make the material exist
mainly on the fiber surface and inside the fiber, which can significantly enhance the electrical conductivity
and mechanical properties of the co-spun fiber film. There was no obvious delamination between the two
separators after continuous electrospinning. Furthermore, the fibers on the cathode side of the CZGNF
separator were rough, which proves the presence of functional particles on the cathode side. The fiber
diameter of the GNF separator was 144 nm [Figure 3E]. The fiber diameter of CZGNF separator was 249
nm [Figure 3F]. The results indicated that C and ZIF-67 particles were successfully formed on the cathode
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side surface of the CZGNF separator. The CZGNF separator obtained by two consecutive electrospinnings
avoids the method of adding two functional layers to the traditional separator to increase the ion transport
resistance. Therefore, the CZGNF separator can effectively reduce the interfacial resistance. At the same
time, the addition of C and ZIF-67 endows the two sides of the separator with different functions. Because
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the cathode side of the CZGNF separator converts lithium polysulfides by adsorption, the anode side
enables uniform deposition of lithium ions.

Figure 4 shows SEM and EDS images of the cathode side and cross-section of CZGNF. We mainly studied
the doping of Co element. The CZGNF separator presented a fibrous structure and an even distribution of