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Page 4 of 22 Song et al. Energy Mater. 2026, 6, 600019
Figure 2. (A) Schematic illustration of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exposed to various cosmic radiation sources, including protons,
electrons, heavy ions, and UV, X-ray, and γ-ray. (B) Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) simulations of proton penetration of
PSCs [26] . Copyright © 2024, Springer Nature. (C) Schematic diagram for the degradation mechanism and degradation suppression by
passivating the perovskite surface [37] . Copyright © 2025, Elsevier. (D) In-orbit demonstrations of PSCs, from stratospheric balloon flights
to sub-orbital rockets and extended operation aboard the International Space Station.
