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Page 44 of 50 Siddiqui et al. Chem Synth 2023;3:25 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cs.2023.02

Figure 76. Biotransformation of ganaxolone (407) with Cunninghamella elegans.

Figure 77. Biotransformation of 6- dictyophlebine (413) with Rhizopus stolonifer.

standard drug, chloroquine diphosphate (IC = 0.025 ± 0.01 μg/mL). Derivatives, 15-hydroxycaryophyllene
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oxide (52) (IC = 44.0 ± 0.2 μM), 4β, 5α-dihydroxycaryophyll-8(13)-ene (53)(IC = 455.8 ± 0.1 μM), clovane-
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5, 9-diol (54) (IC = 189.5 ± 0.2 μM), 4, 5-epoxycaryophyllan-8(13)-en-14-ol (55) (IC = 10.9 ± 0.2 μM), 4,
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5-epoxy-13-norcaryophyllan-8-one (56) (IC = 458.7 ± 0.5 μM), caryolane-5, 8, 13-triol (57) (IC = 23.6 ±
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0.1 μM), clovane-5, 9, 12-triol (58) (IC = 43.6 ± 0.3 μM), and 4, 5-epoxycaryophyllan-3, 13-diol (59) (IC =
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154.6 ± 0.3 μM), showed a moderate to significant inhibitory potential against butyrylcholinesterase enzyme,
as compared to their substrate, (–)-caryophyllene oxide (49) (IC = 208.4 ± 0.8 μM).
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Structural transformations in derivatives, 3-ketosclareolide (86) (100%), 3β-hydroxysclareolide (88) (87.5%),
1β, 3β-dihydroxysclareolide (89) (72.3%), 2α-hydroxysclareolide (90) (82.7%), and 1α, 3β-
dihydroxysclareolide (92) (75%), have increased their phytotoxicity against Lemna minor L., in comparison
to sclareolide (84) at 100 μg/mL. Compounds, dehydroabietic acid (110) (IC = 11 ± 01 μM), 1β-
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hydroxydehydroabietic acid (111), (IC = 130 ± 15 μM), 15-hydroxy dehydroabietic acid (112) (IC = 99 ±
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