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Page 2 of 15 Li et al. Complex Eng Syst 2023;3:1 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ces.2022.46

1. INTRODUCTION
Maritime transport plays a key role in international communication. It is estimated that 90% of the world’s
trade in goods is carried out by sea. However, most ships use fossil fuels to meet their energy needs,
resulting in the emission of pollutant gases, particulate matter, and greenhouse gases (GHG) . The
[1]
development of clean and renewable energy and large-scale use of port power and charging facilities are the
main measures to achieve the port carbon reduction target. Considering the waiting ships outside the port,
it is necessary to further extend the port.

In 2015, Norway launched its first fully electric ferry, adding to the growing number of fully electric ships.
In such containers, electricity can be generated from renewable resources and storage systems, such as
[2]
batteries and supercapacitors . Singapore’s Jurong Port has a 9.5 MWP solar power system that generates
more than 12 million kWh a year and meets 60% of the power demand at the port. Hamburg Port has
[3]
implemented the overall plan of “Smart Port Energy”. One of the sub-projects is the Altona Cruise terminal
shore power project. Shore power facilities are connected to the 10 kV medium-high voltage main grid of
Hamburg, and the power is transmitted to the terminal frequency converter station through cables, which
can provide 12 MVA/6.6 KV/60 Hz or 12 MVA/11 KV/60 Hz power to cruise ships. Shore power facilities
are powered by renewable energy, reducing CO emissions by more than half. The microgrids of ports such
2
as Bayonne Tarnos in France, Long Beach in the United States, and Mytilene in Greece also include
photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems and wind turbines (WT), which use renewable energy to
generate electricity, meet the power demand of critical loads in emergency situations and are used for cold
ironing of cargo ships to reduce the emission of polluting gases.

At present, China’s ports have only a small amount of renewable energy installed, and the research on the
renewable energy network for shore power supply is still in the primary stage. “Ming Qing”, the world’s
largest 400,000-ton super mine ship in Dongjiakou Port (Qingdao)in Shandong Province, China, has
successfully connected to the dock shore electricity, marking that the China port is the first in the world to
realize the full application of shore electricity for the 400,000-ton super mine ship. The Laotangshan Wharf
[4]
at Zhoushan Port has completed the first hybrid port power system of high and low voltage in Zhoushan
City, with a total capacity of 4030 kVA, which can simultaneously meet the power supply demand of two
bulk cargo ships of 150,000 tons and two bulk cargo ships of 50,000 tons. The terminal of Section C in the
Beijiang port area of Tianjin Port has been put into operation, which is the first “smart zero-carbon”
terminal in the world. The facilities and equipment are driven by electricity, and the “integration of scenery
and storage and loading” system realizes the independent supply of green electricity, with zero carbon
emission in the whole process. The berth of Nanjing Longtan Port adopts low-voltage shore power and
builds 4 sets of 100kVA shore power connection devices, 4 sets of 200 kVA shore power connection devices,
and 2 sets of 300 kVA shore power connection devices, with a total capacity of 1800 kVA. Shanghai Port,
Guangzhou Port, Qingdao Port, and many other ports have carried out power projects to develop the green
intelligent control system.

[5]
The literature on “cold-ironing ” and “shore power supply ”introduces that the onshore power grid
[6]
supplies power to the berthed ship, avoiding the use of diesel generators on the ship. To reduce the carbon
footprint of cold-ironing ships and avoid fossil fuel generation in the main grid, renewable energy, solar
panels, wind turbines, and storage options have been increasingly considered . Sadeghi et al. proposed the
[7]
design and optimization of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRESs) with power-sharing capability, using
multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and multi-objective Crow search (MOCS) to solve
the problem studied so that the system has good economic benefits and reliability . In order to manage
[8]
these elements, more and more attention has been paid to the development of microgrids in port areas in