Page 93 - 2417
P. 93

Page 24 of 26                                              Salmerón et al. Carbon Footprints 2026, 5, 17





               48.  Redeia. National electricity system: generation structure by technology. Red Eléctrica 2024. Available from: h​t​t​p​s​:​/​/​w​w​w​.​r​e​e​.​e​s​/​e​n​/​d​a​t​o​s
                               ​
                                ​
                               ​
                   ​
                             ​
                              ​
                                    ​
                                    ​
                                     ​
                                 ​
                                  ​
                                  ​
                     ​
                        ​
                        ​
                      ​
                      ​
                       ​
                         ​
                          ​
                           ​
                            ​
                    ​
                          ​
                    ​
                                       ​
                                      ​
                  /generation/ge​nera​tion-​str​uctur​e [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2026].
               49.  Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico. Plan nacional integrado de energía y clima (2023-2030). 2024. Available
                  from: h​t​t​p​s​:​/​/​w​w​w​.​m​i​t​e​c​o​.​g​o​b​.​e​s​/​c​o​n​t​e​n​t​/​d​a​m​/​m​i​t​e​c​o​/​e​s​/​e​n​e​r​g​i​a​/​f​i​l​e​s​-​1​/​p​n​i​e​c​-​2​0​2​3​-​2​0​3​0​/​P​N​I​E​C​_​2​0​2​4​_​2​4​0​9​2​4​.​p​d​f​ [Last accessed on 11
                  Mar 2026].
               50.  Yang, Q.; Zhou, H.; Bartocci, P.; et al. Prospective contributions of biomass pyrolysis to China's 2050 carbon reduction and renewable
                  energy goals. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1698. DOI PubMed PMC
               51.  Parascanu, M.; Puig, Gamero. M.; Sánchez, P.; Soreanu, G.; Valverde, J.; Sanchez-silva, L. Life cycle assessment of olive pomace
                  valorisation through pyrolysis. Renew. Energy. 2018, 122, 589-601. DOI
               52.  Tisserant, A.; Morales, M.; Cavalett, O.; et al. Life-cycle assessment to unravel co-benefits and trade-offs of large-scale biochar
                  deployment in Norwegian agriculture. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2022, 179, 106030. DOI
               53.  Werra, M.; Watanabe, M. D. B.; Ballal, V.; et al. Life-cycle assessment of ferromanganese production using biocarbon as reductant and
                  carbon capture and storage. Environ. Impact. Assess. Rev. 2026, 117, 108204. DOI
               54.  Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. Real decreto 815/2013, de 18 de Octubre, Por El Que Se aprueba el
                  reglamento de emisiones industriales y de desarrollo de La Ley 16/2002, de 1 de Julio, de prevención y control integrados de la
                                             ​
                                              ​
                                                 ​
                                                                     ​
                                                           ​
                                                            ​
                                               ​
                                                                       ​
                                                                      ​
                                              ​
                                                ​
                                            ​
                                                      ​
                                                         ​
                                                                    ​
                                                         ​
                                                       ​
                                                      ​
                                                                   ​
                                                        ​
                                                          ​
                                                                     ​
                                                   ​
                                                  ​
                                                   ​
                                                           ​
                                                                   ​
                                                    ​
                                                     ​
                                                                        ​
                                                                 ​
                                                                 ​
                                                              ​
                  contaminación. 2013. Available from: ht​tps:​//www.boe.es/​eli​/es/rd/​2013/10/18/815 [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2026].
                                                                  ​
                                                                ​
                                                             ​
                                                               ​
                                                            ​
               55.  Casares De La Torre, F.; Varo, M.; López-Luque, R.; Ramírez-Faz, J.; Fernández-Ahumada, L. Design and analysis of a
                  tracking/backtracking strategy for PV plants with horizontal trackers after their conversion to agrivoltaic plants. Renew. Energy. 2022,
                  187, 537-50. DOI
               56.  Krasner, N. Z.; Fox, J.; Armstrong, A.; et al. Impacts of photovoltaic solar energy on soil carbon: a global systematic review and
                  framework. Renew. Sustain. Energy. Rev. 2025, 208, 115032. DOI
               57.  Kumpanalaisatit, M.; Setthapun, W.; Sintuya, H.; Pattiya, A.; Jansri, S. N. Current status of agrivoltaic systems and their benefits to
                  energy, food, environment, economy, and society. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2022, 33, 952-63. DOI
               58.  AgrawData. Los olivos superintensivos: su impacto en producción de aceite de oliva. 2024. Available from:h​t​t​p​s​:​/​/​a​g​r​a​w​d​a​t​a​.​c​o​m​/​b​l​o​g​/​o
                           ​
                            ​
                   ​
                                ​
                             ​
                              ​
                               ​
                   ​
                             ​
                               ​
                     ​
                         ​
                    ​
                         ​
                       ​
                       ​
                      ​
                          ​
                        ​
                     ​
                  livos-superint​ensivos​/ [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2026].
               59.  Agrivoltaics. Opportunities for agriculture and the energy transition. 2024. Available from: h​t​t​p​s​:​/​/​w​w​w​.​i​s​e​.​f​r​a​u​n​h​o​f​e​r​.​d​e​/​e​n​/​p​u​b​l​i​c​a​t​i​o​n
                                                   ​
                                                        ​
                                                       ​
                                  ​
                                             ​
                                                 ​
                                   ​
                                                        ​
                                           ​
                                                                  ​
                                    ​
                                                                    ​
                                                    ​
                                      ​
                                                      ​
                                                                 ​
                                                                ​
                                       ​
                                                                 ​
                                                     ​
                                            ​
                                       ​
                                                      ​
                                           ​
                                         ​
                                    ​
                                        ​
                                     ​
                                                     ​
                                                                   ​
                                                                   ​
                          ​
                           ​
                                                ​
                          ​
                   ​
                            ​
                             ​
                                                                     ​
                   ​
                            ​
                                                             ​
                       ​
                        ​
                     ​
                      ​
                       ​
                         ​
                    ​
                                                                      ​
                                                            ​
                        ​
                                                             ​
                                                ​
                                                               ​
                                                          ​
                                              ​
                                ​
                                                                ​
                                                 ​
                                 ​
                                ​
                                                         ​
                              ​
                                                              ​
                                                           ​
                                                                     ​
                                                              ​
                                              ​
                              ​
                  s/s​tudies/agrivolt​aic​s-oppor​tunit​ies​-f​or-a​gric​ultur​e-​and-the-ener​gy-transition.html​ [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2026].
               60.  European Commission. Overview of the potential and challenges for agri-photovoltaics in the European Union. Publications Office;
                                                  ​
                                                                  ​
                                                ​
                                                ​
                                                  ​
                                                               ​
                                                          ​
                                                         ​
                                                         ​
                                                               ​
                                                              ​
                                                             ​
                                                            ​
                                                            ​
                                                           ​
                                                             ​
                                                                ​
                                                    ​
                                                     ​
                                                                 ​
                                                   ​
                                                    ​
                                                      ​
                                                        ​
                                                        ​
                                                       ​
                                                                 ​
                                                      ​
                                               ​
                                                                        ​
                                       ​
                                                                   ​
                                                                       ​
                                      ​
                                        ​
                                                                           ​
                                                                          ​
                                        ​
                                                                         ​
                                     ​
                                  ​
                                   ​
                                  ​
                                                                    ​
                                                                    ​
                                    ​
                                    ​
                                                                       ​
                                                                      ​
                                                                   ​
                                          ​
                  2023. Available from: htt​ps://​publi​cati​ons.jr​c.ec​.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC132879 [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2026].
                                            ​
                                              ​
                                           ​
                                             ​
                                              ​
                                             ​
                                                                           ​
                                         ​
               61.  Ferreira, R. F.; Marques, Lameirinhas. R. A.; Correia, V. P. Bernardo C, Torres JPN, Santos M. Agri-PV in Portugal: how to combine
                  agriculture and photovoltaic production. Energy. Sustain. Dev. 2024, 79, 101408. DOI
               62.  Premalatha, R. P.; Poorna, Bindu. J.; Nivetha, E.; et al. A review on biochar’s effect on soil properties and crop growth. Front. Energy.
                  Res. 2023, 11, 1092637. DOI
               63.  European Commission. Indicators to support the soil perspectives of the common agricultural policy (CAP). Publications Office; 2023.
                                                          ​
                               ​
                                                                    ​
                                                                     ​
                                                                   ​
                              ​
                                                           ​
                                                           ​
                              ​
                  Available from: htt​ps://​publi​cati​ons.jr​c.ec​.europa​.eu/repository/handle/JRC132234 [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2026].
                                                               ​
                                                                ​
                                                               ​
                                                              ​
                                                             ​
                                                             ​
                                                            ​
                                                                  ​
                                                                      ​
                                                                       ​
                                                                       ​
                                                                ​
                                                ​
                                                    ​
                                          ​
                                         ​
                                              ​
                                                    ​
                                        ​
                                               ​
                                         ​
                                                 ​
                                            ​
                                                ​
                                              ​
                                            ​
                                          ​
                                                   ​
                                           ​
                                                  ​
                                                     ​
                                                        ​
                                  ​
                                   ​
                                                        ​
                                                                   ​
                                                         ​
                                ​
                                ​
                                                         ​
                                 ​
                                     ​
                                                      ​
                                    ​
                                       ​
                                                     ​
                                      ​
                                    ​
                                                       ​
               64.  Kroeger, J. E.; Pourhashem, G.; Medlock, K. B.; Masiello, C. A. Water cost savings from soil biochar amendment: a spatial analysis.
                  GCB. Bioenergy. 2020, 13, 133-42. DOI
               65.  Sánchez-Monedero, M. A.; Cayuela, M. L.; Sánchez-García, M.; et al. Agronomic evaluation of biochar, compost and biochar-blended
                  compost across different cropping systems: perspective from the European project FERTIPLUS. Agronomy 2019, 9, 225. DOI
               66.  Gholamahmadi, B.; Jeffery, S.; Gonzalez-Pelayo, O.; et al. Biochar impacts on runoff and soil erosion by water: a systematic global scale
                  meta-analysis. Sci. Total. Environ. 2023, 871, 161860. DOI
               67.  Yang, W.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, J.; Li, P.; Su, L. Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on microbial communities, CO 2
                  emissions, and organic carbon content in soil. Sci. Rep. 2025, 15, 9789. DOI PubMed PMC
               68.  Agronomía. Biochar impulsa la producción de aceite en olivos hasta un 24%, según investigación de soil o-live. Available from: h​t​t​p​s​:​/​/
                  w​w​w​.​o​l​e​o​r​e​v​i​s​t​a​.​c​o​m​/​t​e​x​t​o​-​d​i​a​r​i​o​/​m​o​s​t​r​a​r​/​5​2​1​5​4​9​4​/​b​i​o​c​h​a​r​-​i​m​p​u​l​s​a​-​p​r​o​d​u​c​c​i​o​n​-​a​c​e​i​t​e​-​o​l​i​v​o​s​-​h​a​s​t​a​-​2​4​-​s​e​g​u​n​-​i​n​v​e​s​t​i​g​a​c​i​o​n​-​s​o​i​l​-​l​i​v​e​
                  [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2026].
               69.  Liu, Q.; Liu, B.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Biochar application as a tool to decrease soil nitrogen losses (NH 3  volatilization, N 2 O emissions, and N
                  leaching) from croplands: options and mitigation strength in a global perspective. Global. Chang. Biol. 2019, 25, 2077-93. DOI
               70.  IPCC. 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. 2019. Available from: h​t​t​p​s​:​/​/​w​w​w​.​i​p​c​c​-​n​g
                         ​
                        ​
                       ​
                         ​
                           ​
                          ​
                          ​
                    ​
                   ​
                  gip.iges​.or.jp/EFDB/f​ind_ef​.php [Last accessed on 11 Mar 2026].
                    ​
                      ​
                     ​
                     ​
                           ​
                                    ​
                                   ​
                                  ​
                                     ​
                                       ​
                                      ​
                                      ​
                              ​
                             ​
                            ​
                               ​
                                  ​
                                 ​
                                ​
               71.  Domouso, P.; Calero, J.; Ruiz-Cátedra, G.; García-Ruiz, R. Nitrogen recycling across a spectrum of fertilization strategies: an assessment
                  in olive groves. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2024, 372, 109096. DOI
   88   89   90   91   92   93   94   95   96   97   98