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Luo et al. Carbon Footprints 2025, 4, 14 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2024.53 Page 21 of 24

measures. Simulation results highlight persistently high NO concentrations along key corridors in the
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southern part of Baoshan District, such as Baoyang Road and the Outer Ring Expressway near the port area.
Installing air purification systems and vegetative buffers along these heavily trafficked routes could help
reduce inhalation risks for passersby. Additionally, promoting flexible work arrangements can lower
exposure during peak hours, and enhanced occupational safety guidelines should be established for outdoor
workers in high-exposure zones. These tailored strategies can significantly reduce risks for working-age
individuals while also accommodating the needs of more vulnerable groups, thereby strengthening
population-wide resilience to air pollution.

Spatial optimization of high-risk zones
Modeling results identify specific high-risk zones in the southern part of Baoshan District where traffic-
related pollution exposure is spatially concentrated. These areas often serve dual roles as transportation
hubs (e.g., ports, logistics parks, and expressway intersections) and high-density residential communities,
compounding exposure risks. To mitigate these effects, spatial planning and environmental regulation
should be employed to optimize land use. On one hand, green infrastructure should be expanded in high-
pollution areas, such as logistics corridors and port-adjacent neighborhoods. For example, establishing
vegetation barriers along Baoyang Road and the Outer Ring Expressway can help intercept and dilute
vehicle emissions before they reach residential areas. On the other hand, land use and functional zoning
policies should be refined to reduce the co-location of emission-intensive roads with sensitive land uses
such as housing, schools, and hospitals. Strategic urban planning that spatially decouples residential areas
from high-emission corridors will be key to lowering long-term exposure levels and addressing spatial
inequities in environmental health outcomes.

Limitations
Limited Spatial Applicability: This study focuses on Baoshan, an industrial logistics-oriented district, which
may limit the applicability of the findings to urban cores or non-port cities.

Data Constraints: The analysis relies on mobile signaling data to infer group attributes and movement
trajectories, which may lack precision. More granular data sources (e.g., travel diaries or wearable devices)
are needed to enhance accuracy.

Unquantified Health Impacts: While the study assesses exposure levels, it does not directly model the causal
links between exposure and health outcomes.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
The authors express gratitude to all those who have provided assistance during the writing of this thesis.

Authors’ contributions
Conceptualization, formal analysis: Wang, S.; Luo, X.; Liu, C.
Software: Wang, H.; Wang, Q.; Fu, Y.
Investigation, resources: Fu, Q.; M.Y.
Data curation: Fu, Q.; Guo, X.; Yi, M.
writing - review and editing: Wang, S.; Fu, Y.; Luo, X.; Liu, C.
Supervision: Luo, X.; Liu, C.
Visualization: Wang, H.