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Page 22 of 24 Luo et al. Carbon Footprints 2025, 4, 14 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2024.53

Methodology, writing - original draft, validation: Wang, S.
Project administration, funding acquisition: Luo, X.
All authors have read and approved the published version of the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials
The data presented in this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. The
data are not publicly available due to privacy restrictions.

Financial support and sponsorship
This research was sponsored by the General Project of NSFC (No.52372340) and the International
Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC (No.72061137071).

Conflicts of interest
Dr. Luo, X. is the Guest Editor of the Special Issue “Challenges and Opportunities for Transport Carbon
Neutrality”. Dr. Luo was not involved in any steps of the editorial processing of this manuscript, including
reviewer selection, manuscript handling, or decision making. The funders had no role in the design of the
study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the
decision to publish the results, while the other authors have declared that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for Publication
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
© The Author(s) 2025.

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