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Author Instructions

Letter to Editor A Letter to Editor is usually an 1000 max Unstructured abstract 3-8 /
open post-publication review of (optional). No more than keywords
a paper from its readers, often 250 words. (optional)
critical of some aspect of a
published paper. Controversial
papers often attract numerous
Letters to Editor.
Commentary A Commentary is to provide 2500 max Unstructured abstract. 3-8 /
comments on a newly published No more than 250 words. keywords
article or an alternative viewpoint
on a certain topic.
Perspective A Perspective provides personal 2000 max Unstructured abstract. 3-8 /
points of view on the state-of-the- No more than 150 words. keywords
art of a specific area of knowledge
and its future prospects. Links
to areas of intense current
research focus can also be made.
The emphasis should be on a
personal assessment rather than
a comprehensive, critical review.
However, comments should be
put into the context of existing
literature. Perspectives are
usually invited by the Editors.

2.3 Manuscript Structure
2.3.1 Front Matter
2.3.1.1 Title
The title of the manuscript should be concise, specific and relevant, with no more than 16 words if possible. When gene or
protein names are included, the abbreviated name rather than full name should be used.
2.3.1.2 Authors and Affiliations
Authors’ full names should be listed. The initials of middle names can be provided. Institutional addresses and email
addresses for all authors should be listed. At least one author should be designated as corresponding author. In addition,
corresponding authors are suggested to provide their Open Researcher and Contributor ID upon submission. Please note
that any change to authorship is not allowed after manuscript acceptance.
2.3.1.3 Abstract
Original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses require structured abstracts. The abstract should provide the
context or background for the study and should state the study’s purpose, basic procedures (selection of study participants,
settings, measurements, analytical methods), main findings (giving specific effect sizes and their statistical and clinical
significance, if possible), and principal conclusions. It should emphasize new and important aspects of the study or
observations, note important limitations, and not overinterpret findings. Clinical trial abstracts should include items that the
CONSORT group has identified as essential. It is not allowed to contain results which are not presented and substantiated in
the manuscript, or exaggerate the main conclusions. Citations should not be included in the abstract.
2.3.1.4 Graphical Abstract
The graphical abstract is essential as this can catch first view of your publication by readers. We request the authors submit
an eye-catching figure during the revision stage. It should summarize the content of the article in a concise graphical
form. It is recommended to use it because this can make online articles get more attention. The graphic abstract should be
submitted as a separate document in the online submission system along with the revised version. Please provide an image
with a minimum of 730 × 1,228 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more. The image should be readable at a size of 7 × 12 cm
using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, PSD, AI, JPG, JPEG, EPS, PNG, ZIP and PDF files.

2.3.1.5 Keywords
Three to eight keywords should be provided, which are specific to the article, yet reasonably common within the subject
discipline.
2.3.2 Main Text
Manuscripts of different types are structured with different sections of content. Please refer to Types of Manuscripts to
make sure which sections should be included in the manuscripts.