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Endo et al. Art Int Surg 2024;4:59-67 Artificial
DOI: 10.20517/ais.2024.09
Intelligence Surgery

Review Open Access

Application of artificial intelligence to hepatobiliary
cancer clinical outcomes research

1
1,2
1,2
Yutaka Endo 1 , Laura Alaimo , Giovanni Catalano , Odysseas P. Chatzipanagiotou , Timothy M. Pawlik 1
1
Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
2
Department of Surgery, University of Verona, Verona 37129, Italy.
Correspondence to: Prof. Timothy M. Pawlik, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and
James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 395 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43221, USA. E-mail: Tim.Pawlik@osumc.edu
How to cite this article: Endo Y, Alaimo L, Catalano G, Chatzipanagiotou OP, Pawlik TM. Application of artificial intelligence to
hepatobiliary cancer clinical outcomes research. Art Int Surg 2024;4:59-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ais.2024.09

Received: 5 Feb 2024 First Decision: 26 Apr 2024 Revised: 8 May 2024 Accepted: 22 May 2024 Published: 27 May 2024
Academic Editors: Henry A. Pitt, Andrew A. Gumbs Copy Editor: Dong-Li Li Production Editor: Dong-Li Li

Abstract
The rapid evolution of modern technology has made artificial intelligence (AI) an important emerging tool in
healthcare. AI, which is a broad field of computer science, can be used to develop systems or machines equipped
with the ability to tackle tasks that traditionally necessitate human intelligence. AI can be used to perform
multifaceted tasks that involve the synthesis of large amounts of data with the generation of solutions, algorithms,
and decision support tools. Various AI approaches, including machine learning (ML) and natural language
processing (NLP), are increasingly being used to analyze vast healthcare datasets. In addition, visual AI has the
potential to revolutionize surgery and the intraoperative experience for surgeons through augmented reality
enhancing surgical navigation in real-time. Specific applications of AI in hepatobiliary tumors such as hepatocellular
carcinoma and biliary tract cancer can improve patient diagnosis, prognostic risk stratification, as well as treatment
allocation based on ML-based models. The integration of radiomics data and AI models can also improve clinical
decision making. We herein review how AI may be of particular interest in the care of patients with complex
cancers, such as hepatobiliary tumors, as these patients often require a multimodal treatment approach.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, outcome research

© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as
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