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Page 4 of 13 Xu et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023034 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.19

Figure 1. XRD patterns of NaNbO Sm(Mg Zr )O ceramics (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) (A), (B) XRD refinement of 0.05 SMZ component,
3-x
3
0.5
0.5
(C) XRD refinement of 0.08 SMZ component, (D) XRD refinement of 0.12 SMZ component, and (E) XRD refinement of 0.15 SMZ
component.

Figure 2. Raman Test Diagram of NaNbO Sm(Mg Zr )O ceramics (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) (A) and the Raman vibration modes v (B) and
3-x
0.5
3
1
0.5
v (C) of NN-SMZ components are plotted.
5
phase structure of the sample to the weak polar pseudocubic phase . In NaNbO ceramics, due to the
[23]
3
presence of large-sized domains, when the polarization direction changes, the direction of the domain will
be irreversible, which greatly deteriorates the energy storage performance of the ceramics. The domain sizes
of the 0.08 SMZ ceramic sample were smaller, which was beneficial to the sample to obtain a faster
polarization response in the charge and discharge test, reduced the polarization loss, and achieved the
purpose of improving the energy storage performance of the sample . Figure 4C and D depicts selected
[24]
area electron diffraction (SAED) images of 0.08 SMZ samples taken in the [100] and [111] directions. The
c
c
presence of (eoo)/2 and (oee)/2 in the [100] direction and the presence of (ooe)/2 superlattice diffraction
c
spots in the [111] direction (o and e are odd and even, respectively) proved the existence of octahedral
c
distortion, indicating that this was a commensurate modulation phase structure with two-fold unit cell. The
SEAD images also proved the perovskite structure of the 0.08 SMZ sample again .
[25]
To investigate the change in the dielectric constant of NN-SMZ ceramics with temperature, the dielectric
constant of NN-SMZ was tested at -160 °C to 180 °C. The temperature spectra of the components are
shown in Figure 5A-D, where the dielectric peaks of the components near 0 °C formed because of the