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Page 6 of 31 Chen et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023025 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.12

Figure 3. (A) Schematic illustrations of the formation process of SMSI in Pt/TiO . Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [26] Copyright
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2022, John Wiley and Sons. (B) Relationship between surface energy (γ ) and work function (φ) of different transition metals.
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Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [48] Copyright 2005, American Chemical Society. (C) Schematic illustrations of the formation
process of O-SMSI in Au/HAP. Reproduced with the permission of Ref. [50] Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. HRTEM images
of (D) The destabilization of overlayer and (E) the dynamic behavior of Pt NPs on the support interface. Reproduced with the permission
of Ref. [10] Copyright 2022, Science. (F) Different encapsulation functions between O-SMSI and classical SMSI in Pt/TiO . Reproduced
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with the permission of Ref. [53] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
hydroxyapatite (HAP) (as shown in Figure 3C), opening a new avenue for the design of highly stable
supported gold catalysts [50,51] . With the diversification of measurement methodologies and the advancement
of characterization techniques, the atomic-level structural evolution of TiO encapsulated layer in a redox-
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active regime (O + H atmosphere) and the dynamic behavior of particles and interfaces induced by metal-
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[10]
support interaction were systematically revealed via in situ transmission microscopy by Frey et al. . With
the atmosphere switches from O to a redox-active H -O mixture, the TiO encapsulation layer was
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completely retracted from all the particles (as shown in Figure 3D), and the particles exhibited dynamic
behavior on the support interface and ceased as soon as H was completely removed from the reactor cell (as
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shown in Figure 3E), whereby the overlayer is also reformed around the NPs. This phenomenon indicates
that the encapsulation layer induced by the O-SMSI and SMSI strategy is vulnerable to the external