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Figure 2. Geometric and electronic structures of single atoms, NCs, and nanoparticles . Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.
Figure 3. Common methods for the synthesis of MNCs: (a→b) formation of M(I)-SR complexes, metal atom (M(I)), thiolate ligand
(SR), (b→c) reduction growth, (c→d) seeded growth, (c→f) alloying reaction, (c→g) ligand-exchange process, (c→h) self-assembly of
metal NCs, and (d→e) evolution from metal NCs to metal nanocrystals [41] . Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.
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(3) Alloying method (as shown in Figure 3 c→f): The introduction of other metals for doping could be
accomplished through the template exchange method, where the difference in electrode potential between
the two metals serves as the driving force for the substitution reaction.
(4) Ligand exchange method (as shown in Figure 3 c→g): In principle, the ligand exchange method is
similar to the alloying method in that both involve an exchange process, but the objects exchanged differ.
For example, template exchange generates alloying NCs, whereas ligand exchange refers to preparing MNCs
by exchanging the protective ligand layers on their periphery.
