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Page 4 of 9 Sobenin et al. Vessel Plus 2019;3:15 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2019.09

Table 1. Descriptive data on study participants
Variable Men, n = 200 Women, n = 270 P value Total, n = 470
Age, years 61.4 (59.9-62.5) 66.1 (65.5-67.1) < 0.001 64.1 (63.6-65.1)
Body mass index, kg/m 2 27.0 (26.5-27.5) 27.8 (27.3-28.3) 0.033 27.5 (27.1-27.9)
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg 148 (145-150) 144 (142-146) 0.026 145 (144-147)
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg 89 (87-90) 85 (84-86) < 0.001 86 (85-87)
Current smokers, % 15 12 0.4 13
Never smokers, % 56 78 < 0.001 70
Smoking cessation, % 29 10 < 0.001 17
Smoking experience, years 10.0 (7.8-12.3) 4.8 (3.4-6.1) < 0.001 6.8 (5.6-8.0)
Diabetes mellitus, % 8 5 0.20 6
Arterial hypertension, % 76 77 0.80 77
Menopause, years - 16.1 (15.2-17.0) - -
Family history of:
Myocardial infarction 25 33 0.059 30
Arterial hypertension 35 57 < 0.001 49
Diabetes mellitus 14 12 0.60 13
Total cholesterol, mg/dL 238 (230-245) 261 (255-267) < 0.001 252 (248-257)
Triglycerides, mg/dL 152 (140-165) 134 (127-140) 0.004 140 (134-147)
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL 60 (58-62) 70 (69-72) < 0.001 66 (65-68)
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL 147 (141-154) 164 (159-169) < 0.001 158 (154-162)
LDL/HDL ratio (Atherogenic index) 2.6 (2.4-2.7) 2.5 (2.4-2.6) 0.20 2.5 (2.4-2.6)

covariance analysis and linear regression were used. Data are presented as the mean and 95% confidence
[12]
interval . The significance of differences was defined at the 0.05 level of confidence.

RESULTS
Clinical and anthropometric characteristics, and lipid profile of study participants are presented in Table 1.

As follows from the presented data, the cohort of study participants was, in general, at early retirement
age, with overweight but not obesity, and with mild systolic arterial hypertension. The inclusion criteria
used in this study predetermined a high proportion of participants with diagnosed hypertension (77%).
Accordingly, there was a high proportion of participants with a family history of myocardial infarction
(30%), hypertension (49%) and diabetes (13%). The proportion of subjects with diabetes (6%) was comparable
to that in population (reported occurrence, 4.5%-6%). The share of smokers (13%) was rather low, possibly
due to the features of the surveyed contingent (older people, mostly with higher education, and to a certain
extent focused on maintaining a healthy lifestyle).

Men and women differed by most of clinical and anthropometric parameters. Men were younger (P <
0.001), had a lower body mass index (P = 0.033) presumably due to lower amount of abdominal fat, were
characterized by higher blood pressure along with less likely family history of hypertension. The differences
in family history of myocardial infarction and diabetes did not reach statistical significance.

Men had a higher proportion of smokers, the mean duration of smoking, and a lower proportion of never-
smokers. At the same time, they also had a higher proportion of past-smokers, that also indicates the higher
compliance of the surveyed population to the healthy lifestyle.

According to lipid measurements, moderate deviations in the lipid profile of the blood serum were
observed. The presented mean values indicate the presence of moderate hypercholesterolemia with normal
triglycerides. Elevated levels of total cholesterol were caused primarily by LDL cholesterol. At the same
time, generally normal levels of HDL cholesterol were observed; as a result, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio remained
within the normal range (the upper limit of normal values was determined as 3.0), thus indicating that
balanced lipid metabolism was maintained. High levels of HDL cholesterol (taking the recommended lower