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Bui et al. Vessel Plus 2021;6:31 Vessel Plus
DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2021.97

Review Open Access

Role of advanced three-dimensional visualization

modalities in congenital heart surgery

2
3
1
Ivy Bui , Arunabh Bhattacharya , Si-Hui Wong , Arpit Agarwal 3,4
1
University of the Incarnate Word of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA.
2
Department of Clinically Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San
Antonio, TX 78235, USA.
3
Pediatric Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA.
4
Pediatric Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA.
Correspondence to: Agarwal A, Pediatric Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 315 N. San Saba Street, Suite 1135, San
Antonio, TX 78207, USA. E-mail: arpit.agarwal@bcm.edu
How to cite this article: Bui I, Bhattacharya A, Wong SH, Agarwal A. Role of advanced three-dimensional visualization modalities
in congenital heart surgery. Vessel Plus 2021;6:31. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2021.97
Received: 6 Jul 2021 First Decision: 22 Sep 2021 Revised: 12 Oct 2021 Accepted: 16 Nov 2021 Published: 13 May 2022
Academic Editor: Jawahar L. Mehta Copy Editor: Yue-Yue Zhang Production Editor: Yue-Yue Zhang

Abstract
The utility of three-dimensional visualization modalities such as three-dimensional printing, augmented reality, and
virtual reality has transformed the field of surgery in the past few years. These modalities have demonstrated value
in preoperative planning, procedural training, and surgical guidance in many surgical specialties. This review
explores the current use of three-dimensional visualization modalities in surgery and further investigates its use
and potential in the subspecialty of congenital heart defect surgery.

Keywords: Three-dimensional printing, augmented reality, virtual reality, congenital heart surgery

INTRODUCTION
The evolution of three-dimensional (3D) visualization modalities has awarded surgeons the luxury of not
needing to mentally reconstruct anatomy or memorize the location of pathology after studying a series of
[1,2]
two-dimensional (2D) images . This process can be mentally draining and ultimately affect other cognitive
processes, which leads to an increase in complications and longer surgery times .
[1]

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as
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