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Hawkins et al. Vessel Plus 2022;6:42 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2021.116 Page 5 of 11

Table 1. Baseline and operative characteristics by POAF status of the matched cohort

POAF No POAF SMD P-value
(n = 5926) (n = 5926)
Age 69.0 (63.0-75.0) 69.0 (63.0-75.0) 0.01 0.716
BSA 2.10 (1.92-2.27) 2.09 (1.92-2.26) 0.00 0.449
Female 25.0 (1483) 25.6 (1514) 0.01 0.534
Hypertension 88.9 (5267) 88.6 (5251) 0.01 0.853
Diabetes 44.6 (2642) 44.2 (2617) 0.01 0.781
Dialysis dependent renal failure 2.73 (162) 2.82 (167) 0.01 0.337
Prior stroke 8.49 (503) 7.75 (459) 0.02 0.235
Smoker 40.9 (2424) 40.1 (2377) 0.02 0.763
Peripheral arterial disease 14.5 (857) 13.8 (819) 0.02 0.404
Chronic lung disease (moderate/severe) 28.6 (1693) 28.8 (1706) 0.00 0.826
Prior myocardial infarction 45.4 (2692) 44.8 (2655) 0.01 0.606
Heart failure 30.9 (1831) 31.6 (1870) 0.01 0.285
Ejection fraction (%) 55.0 (50.0-60.0) 55 (49.0-60.0) 0.01 0.674
Preoperative beta-blocker 86.7 (5135) 86.4 (5120) 0.01 0.601
Prior valve surgery 0.88 (52) 1.11 (66) 0.02 0.827
Prior CABG 2.06 (122) 2.02 (120) 0.00 0.416
Prior cardiac surgery 3.07 (182) 3.27 (194) 0.01 0.460
Urgent or emergent status 52.3 (2696) 51.4 (2652) 0.00 0.386
Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) 7.21 (427) 7.39 (438) 0.00 0.229
Predicted risk of mortality 1.32 (0.75-2.42) 1.29 (0.76-2.40) 0.00 0.505
Operative characteristics POAF No POAF SMD P-value
(n = 5926) (n = 5926)
Procedure 0.03 0.915
CABG 75.5 (4472) 75.5 (4475)
AVR 13.9 (826) 14.4 (851)
CABG/AVR 10.6 (628) 10.1 (600)
Number of diseased vessels 0.00 0.958
Zero 10.6 (630) 11.2 (663)
One 6.72 (398) 6.53 (387)
Two 18.1 (1075) 17.8 (1053)
Three 64.5 (3823) 64.5 (3823)
Cross clamp time (min) 71.0 (51.0-92.0) 71.0 (52.0-92.0) 0.01 0.753
Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) 100.0 (78.0-126.0) 98.0 (77.0-124.0) 0.02 0.145
NYHA: New York Heart Association; POAF: postoperative atrial fibrillation; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; AVR: aortic valve
replacement; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft.

Sensitivity analysis: patients without post-operative major morbidity or mortality
A sensitivity analysis was undertaken among patients who did not experience postoperative major
morbidity or mortality. 5169 pairs of patients were included in the sensitivity analysis. Similar before, these
pairs were well matched with all baseline covariates having a standardized mean difference of < 10%
[Table 3]. Median predicted risk of mortality was similar between both groups of matched patients (1.32%
vs. 1.29%, P = 0.985).

The unpaired cost comparisons are seen in [Table 4]. On paired univariate analysis the mean additional cost
(95% confidence interval) associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation was $4407 (3690-5123) in total
hospital cost, $2357 (2052-2662) for total stay cost, $412 (310-514) for diagnostic cost, $603 (278-929) for