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Anea et al. Vessel Plus 2018;2:16 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2018.46 Page 7 of 8

SMCs

Aging
ECs

Blood

Hypertension
Hypercholesterolemia

Figure 4. Dysfunctional oscillations in blood, ECs, and SMCs: a potential path to cardiovascular disease. The vasculature has an indirect
interaction to the external environment via the bloodstream which is the relay between brain-secreted signals and of curse just eating, for
example. Changes in biomechanics and biochemistry od blood could impact underlying endothelial and smooth muscle clocks. Aging and
other factors could even impact the ECs and SMCs directly. SMCs: smooth muscle cells; ECs: endothelial cells

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conducted experiments, and analyzed data: Anea CB, Merloiu AM
Provided reagents and support: Fulton DJR, Patel V, Rudic RD
Designed experiments and wrote the paper: Anea CB, Rudic RD

Availability of data and materials
All data and materials and mice are publicly available.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01AG054651) and American Heart Association
(17GRNT33700216).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
All human samples (deidentified) were obtained after protocol approval by the Human Assurance Committee
of MCG at Augusta University.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2018.

REFERENCES
1. Davidson AJ, London B, Block GD, Menaker M. Cardiovascular tissues contain independent circadian clocks. Clin Exp Hypertens
2005;27:307-11.