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Page 6 of 21                                                                                 Bradshaw et al. Vessel Plus 2023;7:35    https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2023.121


                                                 [116]
                              Oldenburg et al., 2003  Mouse heart proteins                            The K   channel opener P1075 opened mitoK   channels and was cardioprotective via this action
                                                                                                           ATP                               ATP
                                             [120]
                              Dzeja et al., 2003     Rat heart mitochondria; rat heart, Langendorff   Production of ROS and degradation of nucleotides were reduced by diazoxide, resulting in cellular protection
                                                [127]
                              Uchiyama et al., 2003  Rat heart, Langendorff                           Pharmacological preconditioning involved protein kinase C, and this involves adenosine, mitoK   activation, and nitric oxide
                                                                                                                                                                                     ATP
                                              [100]
                              Rousou et al., 2004    Rabbit heart, Langendorff                        Diazoxide added to cardioplegia was cardioprotective via preservation of mitochondrial physiology
                                                 [86]
                              Wakahara et al., 2004  Rat heart, Langendorff                           The mitoK ATP  channel blocker and antioxidant abolished postischemic recovery of contractile function by diazoxide but not by
                                                                                                      IPC
                                               [111]
                              Ardehali et al., 2004  Rat liver mitochondria                           The mitoK   channel composition includes SDH as a component
                                                                                                               ATP
                                             [125]
                              Eaton et al., 2005     Rat heart, Langendorff                           IPC and diazoxide appeared to have protective effects via a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species generation before
                                                                                                      ischemia onset
                                                [77]
                              Mizutani et al., 2005  Rabbit myocytes                                  Cellular swelling was detrimental for cardiac contractility, and diazoxide attenuated swelling
                                             [122]
                              Busija et al., 2005    Piglet mitochondria                              ROS production was increased by diazoxide, and this was likely via inhibition of SDH
                                            [76]
                              Deja et al., 2006      Human atrial trabeculae                          Diazoxide given throughout an ischemic episode led to maximal protection, suggesting diazoxide could be a helpful additive to
                                                                                                      cardioplegia
                              Yonemochi et al.,      Rat myocytes                                     The mitoK ATP  channels acted as a trigger and mediator of cardioprotection through ΔΨm loss
                                   [130]
                              2006
                                              [61]
                              Prasad et al., 2006    Mouse heart, Langendorff                         The sarcolemmal K   channel appeared necessary for exaggerated swelling and reduced contractility after cardioplegia
                                                                                                                      ATP
                                                [82]
                              Mizutani et al., 2006  Rabbit myocytes                                  Diazoxide abolished the swelling and reduced contractility caused by St. Thomas’ cardioplegia
                                           [128]
                              Kim et al., 2006       Rat myocytes                                     Diazoxide cardioprotection appeared to occur via protein kinase C pathway
                                                [106]
                              Al-Dadah et al., 2007  Rabbit myocytes                                  The attenuation of both swelling and reduced contractility by diazoxide was unchanged by adding K   blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                          ATP
                                             [44]
                              Flagg et al., 2008     Mouse myocytes                                   Atrial and ventricular K   channels have fundamentally different structures, including a difference in SUR1
                                                                                                                          ATP
                                                 [110]
                              Wojtovich et al., 2008  Rat heart, Langendorff; rat mitochondria        MitoK    activation in IPC may involve complex II inhibition by malonate
                                                                                                           ATP
                                            [138]
                              Deja et al, 2009       Humans                                           Adding diazoxide to cardioplegia improved myocardial protection
                                              [41]
                              Sellitto et al., 2010  Mouse myocytes                                   Diazoxide did not open the ventricular sarcolemmal K   channel. The mechanism involved a pathway involving SUR1
                                                                                                                                                   ATP
                                            [108]
                              Zhang et al., 2011     Mouse myocytes                                   HMR 1098, a K   channel blocker, is nonspecific. Methods such as genetic deletion are needed to confirm channel subunit
                                                                                                                   ATP
                                                                                                      involvement in cardioprotection
                                             [107]
                              Maffit et al., 2012    Human myocytes                                   Diazoxide lessened swelling with or without inhibition of K   channel
                                                                                                                                                       ATP
                                                [60]
                              Anastacio et al., 2013  Mouse mitochondria                              The benefit of diazoxide during stress involves inhibition of SDH and possibly opening of mitoK
                                                                                                                                                                                      ATP
                                                [103]
                              Anastacio et al., 2013  Mouse mitochondria                              Inhibition of mitoK   channels with 5-HD reduced mitochondrial volume during stress, indicating a role for mitoK   channel
                                                                                                                      ATP                                                                             ATP
                                                                                                      with diazoxide
                                                [124]
                              Anastacio et al., 2013  Mouse mitochondria                              The cardioprotection of diazoxide was independent of the SUR1 subunit of the K ATP  channel, though it may occur via inhibition of
                                                                                                      the SDH enzyme complex
                                             [117]
                              Garlid et al., 2013    Rat heart mitochondria                           The mitochondrial ROS involved in cardioprotection by IPC and diazoxide appeared to be hydroxyl radical (HO·)
                                             [73]
                              Janjua et al., 2014    Mouse ventricular myocytes, human atrial myocytes  Diazoxide was only cardioprotective if administered at the onset of stress and not if administered after onset of stress
                                            [62]
                              Henn et al., 2015      Mouse ventricular mitochondria                   The subunits Kir1.1, Kir3.1, and Kir3.4 all could possibly be involved in cardioprotection caused by diazoxide
                                            [63]
                              Henn et al., 2015      Mouse myocytes                                   The Kir6.1 subunit improved myocyte tolerance to stress, but the mechanism was unknown
                                            [65]
                              Henn et al., 2016      Mouse myocytes                                   The negative effects of cardioplegia were decreased in Kir6.1GOF myocytes
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