Page 111 - Read Online

Chang et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 29 Page 19 of 26

Figure 3. Summary and future perspectives of wearable sports health sensing. sEMG: Surface electromyography; Mb: myoglobin; CK:
creatine kinase; IT: information technology; IMU: inertial measurement unit; ISF: interstitial fluid.

Moreover, physiological responses exhibit substantial inter-individual variability, necessitating personalized
baseline tracking with fusion of multi-modal signals for refined quantification of muscle function . On this
[13]
basis, individual characteristics can be incorporated to dynamically and precisely quantify the fatigue, injury
and healing status [156] . (3) Closed-loop management. A closed-loop system integrating monitoring,
assessment and intervention functions has long been expected to realize personalized and precise sports
management. This can be realized through integrating wearable sensing with data-driven injury early
warning model depicting the relationship between biomarker level and health status, and intelligent and
controllable intervention such as programmable mechanical loading . (4) Interdisciplinary collaboration.
[110]
Theoretical innovation from molecular mechanisms to wearable technology stems from the in-depth
intersection of sports science, biomedicine, engineering and information technology. As for practical
applications, it is expected to build an integrated transformation system from lab to the field, by validating
and optimizing cutting-edge technological outcomes through large-scale trials, establishing standard norms,
and at the same time improving the data security protection .
[17]

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Manuscript structure design: Chang, N.; Su, L.; Liu, H.
Literature review, writing - original draft & revision: Chang, N.; Wu, D.; Song, Y.; Jin, B.
Writing - review & editing: Tang, D.; Yao, T.; Liu, H.
Supervision, project administration: Liu, H.
All authors have read the manuscript and approved the final version.

Availability of data and materials