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Page 22 of 36 Chen et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 9

Figure 11. MLM particle-based soft robots. Medical MLM particles with the different functionalities, including (A) chemoembolization [119] ,
(B) drug delivery [118] , (C) neuromodulation [121] , and (D) antibiosis [58] . Reprinted with permission [119] . Copyright 2021, Royal Society of
Chemistry; Reprinted with permission [118] . Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society; Reprinted with permission [121] . Copyright 2024,
American Chemical Society; Reprinted with permission [58] . Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; Environmental MLM microrobots
for (E) the removal of micro/nanoplastics [117] . Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2024, John Wiley and Sons. MLM: Magnetic liquid
metal; NIR: near-infrared; MWTT: microwave thermal therapy; HACC: hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan; HA:
hyaluronic acid; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone.

For instance, MLM nanoparticle-loaded calcium alginate microspheres (Fe@EGaIn/CA) were designed as
multifunctional “nano-in-micro” theragnostic robots for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization [Figure
11A] . By integrating CT/magnetic resonance (MR) dual-modality imaging, photothermal/photodynamic
[119]
responsiveness, drug-loading capability, and effective embolization, these microspheres achieve precise
image-guided and laser-enhanced chemoembolization. In vitro and in vivo evaluations demonstrated their
favorable biocompatibility, controllable drug release, and excellent therapeutic outcomes, including complete
tumor eradication in rabbit models. The work highlights a generalized strategy for constructing fully flexible
liquid-metal-based embolic platforms, offering promising clinical potential for multifunctional and precision
cancer therapy .
[119]

Furthermore, Liu et al. reported microwave absorption-based MLM nanorobots that enhanced microwave
ablation by improving thermal conversion efficiency, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depleting