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Yu et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 19 Page 21 of 24

Performed the research: Yu, S.; Ji, L.; Zhang, W.
Performed the creation of new software used in the work: Liu, X.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, P.
Contributed to the data interpretation and reasoning: Ge, A.; Zhang, L.
Wrote the paper: Yu, S.; Ji, L.
Supervised the research and revised the paper: Xie, Y.; Li, T.
All authors participated in manuscript editing.

Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its Supplementary
Materials.

AI and AI-assisted tools statement
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52405044, 52322502,
52175009), National Nature Science Foundation of Shandong province (ZR2024QE311), National Key
Research and Development Program (2022YFB4701700), Graduate Student Independent Research Projects
(202461067). Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (202413017), Postdoctoral Fellowship
Program of CPSF (GZC20232498).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
All experiments involving live animals were conducted with institutional animal care and use approval
(Approval No. 25-YS-092). Turtles used in the study were obtained via commercial online purchase and were
maintained in laboratory care after the experiments.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2026.

Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Materials

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