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Liu et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 7 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.69 Page 21 of 25

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Project administration, conceptualization, investigation, writing - review and editing: He, M., Qin, S., Song,
P.
Investigation, writing - review and editing: Zhou, D., Huang, F., Shi, Y.
Writing - original draft: Liu, S.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant
No. 52163011), the Youth Talent Program of Guizhou Education Department (Qianjiaoji[2024]338), and
the Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province (QianKeHe ZhiCheng[2023] General 146;
QianKeHe Pingtai Rencai CXTD[2023]012).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

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