Page 147 - Read Online

Zheng et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 32 Page 37 of 57

Table 3. Comparison of graphene and MXene fibre preparation techniques: cost, scalability, performance flexibility, and use cases
Fiber Typical
Material Key Scalability Relative
Method Key disadvantages performance application
applicability advantages potential cost
adaptability scenarios
Continuous,
high-speed
production Requires liquid crystal
Excellent behavior High-strength
GO, MXene Tunable from conductive fibers,
Wet spinning orientation Post-treatment Highest Low-medium
(LC-forming) aerogel to dense energy storage
control (reduction/annealing)
Mature often needed yarns
industrial
infrastructure
Simple,
low-cost
Compatible Limited mechanical Smart garments,
MXene, GO (on with interlocking Conductivity EMI shielding
Coating pre-existing commercial Durability under High Low only, not fabrics, Joule
fibers) structural
textiles washing/bending heaters
High loading
achievable
High specific
surface area Polymer carriers
3D porous reduce conductivity Flexible
GO/polymer, Limited to supercapacitors,
Electrospinning networks Poor mechanical Moderate Medium
Mxene/polymer nanofiber mats piezoresistive
Suitable for strengthLow
flexible throughput sensors
electrodes
Solvent
recovery, Requires hazardous
GO (in Specialty
Dry/Dry-jet eco-friendly solvents High modulus
spinning corrosive High Complex process Moderate High possible high-performance
solvents) fibers (niche)
orientation control
(air gap)
Ultra-high
active Dependent on
material expensive CNT
Double-winding/ Mxene/CNT, loading scaffolds Electrochemically Fiber-shaped
template-assisted graphene/CVD (95-98 wt%) Limited continuous Low Very high superior supercapacitors,
CVD artificial muscles
Unique length
helical Biosafety concerns
morphology
GO: Graphene oxide; LC: EMI: electromagnetic interference; CVD: chemical vapor deposition; CNT: carbon nanotube.

flexibility and endurance allowed for joint motion monitoring when they were woven into textile sleeves.
Additionally, Zhang et al. showed exceptional flexibility in composite nanofiber membranes made by
electrospinning MXene nanosheets inside a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer matrix [158] . Figure 13
A-C illustrates how these membranes can be put together to create devices that track different human
movement positions. Microstructural design greatly improves the functional dimensions and performance
metrics of MXene fiber sensors in terms of tactile and pressure sensing. For example, Pu et al. used
layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly directly onto commercial PU monofilaments to create fibrous strain
sensors [159] . In order to create a multilayer sensing structure [AgNW/waterborne polyurethane
(WPU)-MXene] , the fiber was alternatively dip-coated in AgNW/WPU dispersions and Ti C T MXene inks
3 2 x
3
over the course of three cycles. Robust interfacial adhesion and uniform coating were guaranteed by the
strong hydrogen bonding interactions among MXene, AgNWs, and WPU. The AgNW/WPU network’s
slip-dominated deformation properties, which guarantee conductive path integrity under high strains, and
the MXene layers’ crack-propagation-dominated behavior, which produces quick resistance changes, work in
concert in this design. This sensor’s large operating range (0%-100%) and ultra-high strain coefficient (GF
value exceeding 1.6 × 10 at 85%-100% strain) make it the perfect option for accurate motion recording [159] .
7
Through logical microstructural engineering, carbon-based materials have also shown remarkable sensing