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Zhang et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:23 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.58 Page 11 of 21

Figure 4. The evolution of LM-based neuro-electrodes. (A) Fabrication of 3-D medical electronic devices directly in living organisms by
continuous injection of biocompatible packaging materials and LM inks [90] ; (B) The LM nerve electrodes and the machining process [73] ;
(C) LM nano-ink based bioelectrode [92] ; (D) LM neuro-electrodes that can be used to record EEG signals and ECG signals [77] ; (E) LM cuff
[7] [9]
electrodes that can be adapted to the movement process ; (F) LM-based nerve electrode arrays that fit very well into the skull . LM:
Liquid metal.

deposited a conducting polymer onto the surface of Ga-based LM and implanted LM-based electrodes into
[81]
animals to record action potentials . Results showed that the performance of the modified electrodes was
superior to those of the bare and Pt electrodes. This was also the first demonstration of LM-based
bioelectronic devices for single-neuron signal recordings in conscious nonhuman primates.

LM nanoparticles have received considerable attention in recent years . However, they require the design
[91]
of sintering processes or mechanical forces to remove the oxide film from the surface of the nanoparticles to
restore electrical conductivity. In 2020, Zhang et al. accomplished the preparation of LM-based electrodes
by writing EGaIn nano-inks directly and laser-printing EGaIn nano-inks . As shown in Figure 4C, these
[92]
two types of electrodes could receive nerve signals from mice and electrically stimulate nerves in vivo. In
2021, Dong et al. obtained LM circuits based on the screen-printing technique with sputter-deposited Pt as