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Page 22 of 34 Xi et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:26 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.13

Figure 8. Applications of Human-machine interfacing. (A) Self-powered temperature and strain sensing, Reproduced with
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permission , Copyright 2022, Elsevier B.V.; (B) All-Fiber Electronic Skin, Reproduced with permission , Copyright 2021, American
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Chemical Society; (C) Temperature-pressure electronic skin, Reproduced with permission , Copyright 2022, Elsevier Ltd; (D) Ion gel
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mechanoreceptor, Reproduced with permission , Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (E) Nanocellulose-based hydrogel for
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strain sensing, Reproduced with permission , Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd; (F) Autoluminescent triboelectric fiber, Reproduced with
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permission , Copyright 2022, Elsevier Ltd; (G) Nano/micro aligned fiber, Reproduced with permission , Copyright 2022, Elsevier
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Ltd; (H) Integrated firefighting clothing, Reproduced with permission , Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. AF: Aerogel fiber;
CB: carbon black; CNT: carbon nanotubes; CS: chitosan; NW: nanowires; PEDOT: poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); PSS: poly
(styrenesulfonate); PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride; SFA: self-powered fire alarm; TENG: triboelectric
nanogenerator; TIC-AF: thermal-induced conductive aerogel fiber; TPU: thermoplastic polyurethane.
Part of the strong performance of electronic skin is presented in the form of conductive gel . It can
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improve the quality and reliability of the signal detected by the sensor and reduce the impedance and
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noise of the signal and improve the accuracy and sensitivity of the measurement . The use of conductive
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gel can improve the comfort of electronic skin and reduce skin irritation related to the use of electrodes or
sensors . As shown in Figure 8D, Chun et al. developed a self-powered, stretchable, and wearable gel
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mechanoreceptor sensor . Poly (vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) gel was used to realize self-powered
systems, and polyvinyl chloride-based elastic gel was used to detect sensing signals based on charge transfer
and distribution. The surfaces of all gels were conical to achieve high sensor sensitivity and conformal
contact with the target surface. In addition, the developed sensors were used to obtain various biological
signals related to the pressure/strain occurring in the human body. As shown in Figure 8E, Wang et al. use
cationic nano cellulose (CCNC) to disperse/stabilize graphite carbon nitride, forming CCNC-g-C N 4
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complex and in situ free radical polymerization process to prepare ionic conductive hydrogel with high
tensile (tough, viscous). The hydrogel shows high sensitivity and can detect human movement, speech, and
breath.