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Page 14 of 20 Citterio et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2020;7:41 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2020.29

The result showed a significant reduction of clinical parameters in both groups. A slightly greater improvement in PD reduction, CAL gain and radiographic defect resolution was found in the group treated with PDLSCs than OFD but the differences were not statistically significant. No adverse effects were reported

Clinical: PI, GBI, PD, CAL, GMP, GT Radiographic: Defect area resolution/bone fill and bone-like tissue density

12 months

Test: Open flap debridement followed by direct transplantation of autologous PDLSC niche mixed with a gelatin sponge Control: open flap debridement alone PDLSC: periodontal ligament stem cell; DPSC: dental pulp stem cell; RCT: randomized clinical trial; PI: plaque index; GBI: gingival bleeding index; PD: pocket depth; CAL: clinical attachment level; GMP: with scaffold or bioactive agents such as EMD, favoring alveolar bone formation, cemen

28 patients 28 defects: 14 test/114 control

Intrabony defect and PDL-like tissue [126,127] . Furthermore, iPSCs can differentiate into cells that promote tooth regeneration [128,129] .

“Stem cell niche” concept. PDL tissue adherent to an extracted tooth root and alveolar socket comprised of PDLSCs along with its niche (PDL tissue niche) obtained with curettes and mixed with a gelatin sponge

PDLSC gingival margin position; GT: gingival thickness; OFD: open flap debridement resulting in a more stable complex and rapidly maturing matrix [136] .

Parallel, prospective, single- blinded RCT with promising results [133,134] .

Shalini et al. [121] 2018