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privileged environment and also a target to reinnervate. Following these principles have proven clinical
improvement in patients’ pain and quality of life, but no treatment modality has proven to be superior to
others. Further collaboration and investigation of the clinical utility of each method may lead to improved
clinical outcomes for patients and may also inadvertently advance the field of neuro-prosthetics.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to the literature review, data acquisition, interpretation, and manuscript
production: Eftekari SC, Nicksic PJ, Seitz AJ, Donnelly DT, Dingle AM, Poore SO
Production of illustrations: Seitz AJ

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
This study has been exempt from institutional review board approval. This narrative review did not conduct
research on human subjects. All clinical photos employed were provided by Dr. Samuel O. Poore in an
anonymous and deidentified manner.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2022.

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