Page 62 - Read Online

CT techniques, if available, in a trend to avoid shine-through 3. Ferris RL, Xi L, Seethala RR, Chan J, Desai S, Hoch B, Gooding W, Godfrey
effect and identify SN in lymphatic echelons close to the TE. Intraoperative qRT-PCR for detection of lymph node metastasis in
tracer injection. Free-hand intraoperative SPECT technique 4. head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:1858-66.
Shoaib T, Soutar DS, MacDonald DG, Camilleri IG, Dunaway DJ, Gray HW,
will be an interesting choice in the future; (7) tumorectomy McCurrach GM, Bessent RG,MacLeod TI, Robertson AG. The accuracy of
will be performed previous to SNB to avoid shine-through head and neck carcinoma sentinel lymph node biopsy in the clinically N0
effect helping to identify SN in lymphatic spaces I and II; (8) neck. Cancer 2001;91:2077-83.
SN will be studied with histological exhaustive techniques 5. Kligerman J, Lima RA, Soares JR, Prado L, Dias FL, Freitas EQ, Olivatto LO.
Supraomohyoid neck dissection in the treatment of T1/T2 squamous cell
including HE, SSS and IHC to reach the highest accuracy carcinoma of oral cavity. Am J Surg 1994;168:391-4.
to identify occult disease. In the future, OSNA techniques 6. McGuirt WF Jr, Johnson JT, Myers EN, Rothfield R, Wagner R. Floor of
could be developed but more studies are necessary to mouth carcinoma. The management of the clinically negative neck. Arch
evaluate these; and (9) if SN shows a positive result a ND 7. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;121:278-82.
Taylor RJ, Wahl RL, Sharma PK, Bradford CR, Terrell JE, Teknos TN, Heard
will be mandatory. There are only doubts about the role of EM, Wolf GT, Chepeha DB. Sentinel node localization in oral cavity and
ITCs in SN, but the current data suggest that any neoplastic oropharynx squamous cell cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
presence in SN recommend a ND. 2001;127:970-4.
8. Pillsbury HC, Clark M. A rationale for therapy of the N0 neck. Laryngoscope
1997;107:1294-315.
In conclusion, SNB is a well-known powerful tool in the 9. Murer K, Huber GF, Haile SR, Stoeckli SJ. Comparison of morbidity
management of some tumors like breast cancer and between sentinel node biopsy and elective neck dissection for treatment
melanoma. In early-stage oral cavity cancer, SNB is gaining of the n0 neck in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck
2011;33:1260-4.
acceptance worldwide as an effective alternative to elective 10. Buscombe J, Paganelli G, Burak ZE, Waddington W, Maublant J, Prats E,
neck dissection for staging the N0 neck. Nowadays, despite Palmedo H, Schillaci O, Maffioli L, Lassmann M, Chiesa C, Bombardieri E,
anatomical and functional differences of this region, the Chiti A; European Association of Nuclear Medicine Oncology Committee
available evidence suggests that SNB accurately stages the and Dosimetry Committee. Sentinel node in breast cancer procedural
guidelines. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:2154-9.
neck with a reasonable false-negative rate. 11. Bluemel C, Herrmann K, Giammarile F, Nieweg OE, Dubreuil J, Testori A,
Audisio RA, Zoras O,Lassmann M, Chakera AH, Uren R, Chondrogiannis S,
False-negatives can occur through multiple mechanisms, Colletti PM, Rubello D. EANM practice guidelines for lymphoscintigraphy
including incomplete or inadequate peritumoral injection, and sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging
2015;42:1750-66.
obscuring of the SN by shine-through of the radioactive 12. Samant S. Sentinel node biopsy as an alternative to elective neck dissection
signal at the primary tumor site, and lymphatic obstruction for staging of early oral carcinoma. Head Neck 2014;36:241-6.
secondary to tumor-obstructed nodes resulting in 13. Serrano-Vicente J, Rayo-Madrid JI, Domínguez-Grande ML, Infante-Torre
redirection of lymphatic flow. The use of adequate JR, García-Bernardo L, Moreno-Caballero M, Medina-Romero F, Durán-
radiotracer and proper injection as well as the optimal Barquero C. Role of SPECT-CT in breast cancer sentinel node biopsy
when internal mammary chain drainage is observed. Clin Transl Oncol
employment of imaging procedures and surgical techniques 2016;18:418-25.
can help solving this limitation. 14. Civantos FJ, Zitsch RP, Schuller DE, Agrawal A, Smith RB, Nason R,
Petruzelli G, Gourin CG, Wong RJ, Ferris RL, El Naggar A, Ridge JA, Paniello
Given the increased risk of morbidity with selective neck RC, Owzar K, McCall L, Chepeha DB, Yarbrough WG, Myers JN. Sentinel
lymph node biopsy accurately stages the regional lymph nodes for T1-T2
dissection or radiation therapy, and the decreased survival oral squamous cell carcinomas: results of a prospective multi-institutional
with watchful waiting, the SNB may provide a reasonable trial. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1395-400.
alternative when done by an experienced multidisciplinary 15. Govers TM, Hannink G, Merkx MA, Takes RP, Rovers MM. Sentinel node
group of surgeons, radiologists, oncologists and nuclear biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a
diagnostic meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 2013;49:726-32.
medicine physicians. 16. Salazar-Fernandez CI, Gallana-Alvarez S, Pereira S, Cambill T, Infante-
Cossio P, Herce-Lopez J. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral and
Recent advances are focused on the development of novel oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: statistical validation and impact
radiotracers imaging techniques and molecular assays, to of micrometastasis involvement on the neck dissection decision. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 2015;73:1403-9.
improve the intraoperative identification of SN. They may 17. Farmer RW, McCall L, Civantos FJ, Myers JN, Yarbrough WG, Murphy
help to overcome some of the obstacles to widespread B, O'Leary M, Zitsch R, Siegel BA. Lymphatic drainage patterns in oral
implementation of SNB for OSCC N0. squamous cell carcinoma: findings of the ACOSOG Z0360 (Alliance) study.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;152:673-7.
18. Flach GB, Bloemena E, Klop WM, van Es RJ, Schepman KP, Hoekstra OS,
Financial support and sponsorship Castelijns JA, Leemans CR, de Bree R. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in
Nil. clinically N0 T1-T2 staged oral cancer: the Dutch multicenter trial. Oral
Oncol 2014;50:1020-4.
19. Hernando J, Villarreal P, Alvarez-Marcos F, Gallego L, García-Consuegra L,
Conflicts of interest Junquera L. Comparison of related complications: sentinel node biopsy
There are no conflicts of interest. versus elective neck dissection. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014;43:1307-12.
20. Bluemel C, Herrmann K, Kübler A, Buck AK, Geissinger E, Wild V,
REFERENCES Hartmann S, Lapa C, Linz C, Müller-Richter U. Intraoperative 3-D imaging
improves sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol
Imaging 2014;41:2257-64.
1. Thompson CF, St John MA, Lawson G, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Mendelsohn 21. Alvarez J, Bidaguren A, McGurk M, Diaz-Basterra G, Brunsó J,Andikoetxea
AH. Diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck B, Martín JC, Barbier L, Arteagoitia I, Santamaría JA. Sentinel node biopsy
cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013;270:2115-22. in relation to survival in floor of the mouth carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac
2. Antonio JK, Santini S, Politi D, Sulfaro S, Spaziante R, Alberti A, Pin M, Surg 2014 ;43:269-73.
Barzan L. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of 22. Bell RB, Markiewicz MR, Dierks EJ, Gregoire CE, Rader A. Thin serial step
the head and neck: 10 years of experience. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital sectioning of sentinel lymph node biopsy specimen may not be necessary
2012;32:18-25. to accurately stage the neck in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral
148 Plast Aesthet Res || Volume 3 || May 25, 2016