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Abadías-Granado et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2021;8:27 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2020.199 Page 5 of 10

Table 1. Dysbiosis related to skin diseases

Atopic dermatitis Psoriasis Acne vulgaris Chronic wounds AK/cutaneous SCC

90% of AD patients are colonized with Higher levels of Different Propionibacterium acnes strains between acne patients Proliferation of several different Higher relative abundance of
Staphylococcus aureus on both lesional and Proteobacteria on the trunk and healthy controls anaerobic bacteria, including Propionibacterium and Malassezia on
non-lesional skin (compared with less than Higher levels of Staphylococcus, Serratia and nonlesional skin than in AK/SCC
5% of healthy individuals) Streptococcus and Clostridium lesions
There is an increase in anaerobic bacterial Propionibacterium in lesions S. aureus overabundance in AK/SCC
species, including Clostridium and Serratia
Increased microbial load at the lesion site Less microbial diversity in Similar relative abundance of P. acnes between both groups but Decreased bacterial diversity More studies are required to expand
psoriatic lesions colonization of the affected follicles by multiple bacterial species Opportunistic colonization of and confirm these findings
in addition to P. acnes, including other commensal specifically adapted microbes
microorganisms, such as Streptococcus epidermidis

AK: Actinic keratosis; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma.

Table 2. Dysbiosis in aging

Actinobacteria Bacteroidetes Firmicutes Proteobacteria
Gut Decrease of Bifidobacterium Unchanged or decrease Changes in the proportion: decrease in Enrichment in facultative anaerobes, notably “pathobionts”
Not seem to be related Clostridium and increase in Bacilli (opportunistic components that can induce pathology, such as
to the ageing Enterobacteriaceae)
Actinobacteria is not highly represented in the human gut Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominate the gut microbiota (93%- There is a proliferation of opportunistic Proteobacteria at the cost
95%) of symbionts Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes
Skin Lower abundance in the older group, in relation to the decrease in the Increase Increase; however, Staphylococcus genus Increase, especially the Acinetobacter genus
Propionibacterium genus. However, Corynebacterium significantly is significantly decreased in the older
increase in the elderly group
Actinobacteria is the predominant phyla in the skin
Oral Increase in Actinomyces Increase in Lactobacillales and Increase in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas
Staphylococcus
Oral bacteria contribute to bacterial diversification and alteration in the older skin: Streptococcus and Veillonella (F), Rothia (A), Prevotella (B), Haemophilus (P), and Fusobacterium are members of the core taxa
of the oral bacterial community that are significantly enriched in the older skin microbiome.

A: Actinobacteria; B: Bacteroidetes; F: Firmicutes; P: Proteobacteria.

[35]
the skin microbiome the most accurate to predict it, on average yielding predictions within 4 years of chronological age [Table 1].

[34]
Nevertheless, some authors consider that changes in skin microbiota are also a consequence of aging, rather than a cause .