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Abadías-Granado et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2021;8:27    https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2020.199                                                                     Page 5 of 10


                             Table 1. Dysbiosis related to skin diseases

                              Atopic dermatitis                      Psoriasis               Acne vulgaris                                           Chronic wounds                AK/cutaneous SCC

                              90% of AD patients are colonized with   Higher levels of       Different Propionibacterium acnes strains between acne patients  Proliferation of several different   Higher relative abundance of
                              Staphylococcus aureus on both lesional and   Proteobacteria on the trunk  and healthy controls                         anaerobic bacteria, including   Propionibacterium and Malassezia on
                              non-lesional skin (compared with less than   Higher levels of                                                          Staphylococcus, Serratia and   nonlesional skin than in AK/SCC
                              5% of healthy individuals)             Streptococcus and                                                               Clostridium                   lesions
                              There is an increase in anaerobic bacterial   Propionibacterium in lesions                                                                           S. aureus overabundance in AK/SCC
                              species, including Clostridium and Serratia
                              Increased microbial load at the lesion site  Less microbial diversity in  Similar relative abundance of P. acnes between both groups but   Decreased bacterial diversity   More studies are required to expand
                                                                     psoriatic lesions       colonization of the affected follicles by multiple bacterial species  Opportunistic colonization of   and confirm these findings
                                                                                             in addition to P. acnes, including other commensal      specifically adapted microbes
                                                                                             microorganisms, such as Streptococcus epidermidis

                             AK: Actinic keratosis; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma.



                             Table 2. Dysbiosis in aging

                                  Actinobacteria                                                Bacteroidetes         Firmicutes                          Proteobacteria
                              Gut  Decrease of Bifidobacterium                                  Unchanged or decrease  Changes in the proportion: decrease in   Enrichment in facultative anaerobes, notably “pathobionts”
                                                                                                Not seem to be related  Clostridium and increase in Bacilli  (opportunistic components that can induce pathology, such as
                                                                                                to the ageing                                             Enterobacteriaceae)
                                  Actinobacteria is not highly represented in the human gut     Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominate the gut microbiota (93%-  There is a proliferation of opportunistic Proteobacteria at the cost
                                                                                                95%)                                                      of symbionts Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes
                              Skin  Lower abundance in the older group, in relation to the decrease in the   Increase  Increase; however, Staphylococcus genus  Increase, especially the Acinetobacter genus
                                  Propionibacterium genus. However, Corynebacterium significantly                     is significantly decreased in the older
                                  increase in the elderly                                                             group
                                  Actinobacteria is the predominant phyla in the skin
                              Oral  Increase in Actinomyces                                                           Increase in Lactobacillales and     Increase in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas
                                                                                                                      Staphylococcus
                                  Oral bacteria contribute to bacterial diversification and alteration in the older skin: Streptococcus and Veillonella (F), Rothia (A), Prevotella (B), Haemophilus (P), and Fusobacterium are members of the core taxa
                                  of the oral bacterial community that are significantly enriched in the older skin microbiome.


                             A: Actinobacteria; B: Bacteroidetes; F: Firmicutes; P: Proteobacteria.



                                                                                                                                                                     [35]
                             the skin microbiome the most accurate to predict it, on average yielding predictions within 4 years of chronological age  [Table 1].


                                                                                                                                                                       [34]
                             Nevertheless, some authors consider that changes in skin microbiota are also a consequence of aging, rather than a cause .
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