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Page 20 of 24 Reilly et al. Plast Aesthet Res 2021;8:2 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-9264.2020.153

Both telomere length and telomerase activity can be measured using models of oxidative stress and
measuring the protective effects of antioxidants. Telomere length in human dermal fibroblasts was
shortened by a single high dosage of UVA radiation in vitro [111] . It is possible that acute photodamage might
contribute to early photo-aging in human skin via this mechanism involving telomere shortening. However,
it remains to be seen if such mechanisms also are relevant to the in vivo situation.

Finding new mechanisms to deal with fibroblast senescence and new bioactives to impede telomere loss or
repair the DNA damage is an exciting new area of research that may well offer new treatments in the fight
against skin ageing.

CONCLUSION
Collagens are a diverse family of ubiquitous proteins with a wide range of cellular and extracellular
functions, supporting cell signalling, proliferation, differentiation, and structural integrity of connective
tissues. As the main protein found in the extracellular matrix of skin and bone, Type I collagen represents
the most abundant collagen found in the body. Collagen fibres can persist in skin for years but are subject
to cumulative damage over a lifetime. The loss of function seen with both chrono-ageing and photo-ageing
has led to a multitude of strategies to repair and replace collagen, prevent damage to collagen, provide
vitamins and minerals to support biochemical and physiological manipulation of collagen turnover, and
optimise interactions with other essential components of the ECM, such as elastin and GAGs. Cosmetic
surgery and topical interventions are important strategies in the fight against the visible signs of ageing,
especially in cases where visible results are required in a short period of time. In the long term, anti-ageing
benefits can be enhanced by the addition of expertly crafted nutricosmeceutical supplements, with the
overall aim to rejuvenate ageing or damaged skin, improve skin integrity, appearance, beauty, and support
personal wellbeing and vitality.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgements
For support in artworks, graphics and design the authors thank Santiago Cornejo, Patricia Delgado and
Anita Hoxha. Thanks to Sara Sibilla for help in preparation of the manuscript.

Authors’ Contributions
Sections including abstract, introduction, oxidative damage, anti-ageing strategies and future perspectives:
Reilly DM
Sections including lifestages, endocrine, skin appearance and conclusion: Lozano J

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
Not applicable.

Conflicts of interest
Both authors work for Minerva Research labs, which produces collagen-based supplements for skin care
and health care.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.