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Figure 3. Prolonged survival of mice bearing advanced glioma after tumor resection. Mice received tumor (i.c.) on day 0, and tumor
resection was on day 16. Mice that received the tumor resection lived longer (but short of statistical significance, P = 0.0896) than mice
that did not receive tumor resection, n = 2 for both groups

DISCUSSION
Gliomas infiltrate the brain, and therefore, it is difficult to differentiate tumor tissue from normal brain.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumors before surgical resection could help guide how aggressive
removal of tissue should be. Intraoperative MRI in humans can be performed, but is not yet practical in
mice. Aggressive surgical resection can lead to neurologic deficits. No neurologic deficits were observed
in the animals in this study. Future work will determine whether resection as described combined with
an immunotherapy strategy will lead to a prolongation of survival without adverse side effects. Since
surgical stress can be immunosuppressive, including resection will provide a more rigorous test of potential
immunotherapies.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
We thank the following: Dr. David Kranz for generously sharing his laboratory facilities; people of the
Division of Animal Resources at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign for cheerful and competent
service; and Claire Schane and David Yan for technical assistance.

Authors’ contributions
Concept and design: Tang B, Roy E
Data acquisition, analysis and interpretation: Tang B, Foss K, Lichtor T, Phillips H, Roy E
Manuscript preparation: Tang B, Roy E
Critical revision and finalizing of the manuscript: Foss K, Lichtor T, Phillips H, Roy E