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radicals, they are able to eliminate pathogens by oxidative   2.   Chamorro A, Urra X, Planas AM. Infection after acute ischemic
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                                                                  Vogelgesang  A, Grunwald  U, Langner  S, Jack  R, Bröker BM,
          1-3 [HNP 1-3]) to fight against extracellular pathogens.   Kessler C, Dressel A. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets in patients
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          of NETs. These complexes of decondensed chromatin       2008;39:237‑41.
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                                                                  stroke: immunosuppression and autoimmunity. J Neuroimmunol
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          spread of pathogens and enhance the concentrations of   disturbance pattern relates to brain lesion location in acute stroke
          antimicrobial effectors. [10-12]                    6.   patients. Stroke 2009;40:1903‑6.
                                                                  Harms H, Reimnitz P, Bohner G, Werich T, Klingebiel R, Meisel C,
                                                                  Meisel A. Influence of stroke localization on autonomic activation,
          We recently investigated these granulocyte and          immunodepression, and post‑stroke infection.  Cerebrovasc Dis
          monocyte functions in 63 human stroke patients.         2011;32:552‑60.
          Our data demonstrated that migration, phagocytosis,   7.   Katan M, Elkind MS. Inflammatory and neuroendocrine biomarkers
                                                                  of prognosis after ischemic stroke.  Expert Rev Neurother
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                                                                  Stroke 2009;40:3226‑32.
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          that indicated an impaired oxidative burst in 17 patients   Victorov IV, Priller J, Dirnagl U, Volk HD, Meisel A. Stroke‑induced
          with hemorrhagic stroke. [13]  Furthermore, cells obtained   immunodeficiency promotes spontaneous bacterial infections and is
          from patients that went on to develop SAI showed a      mediated by sympathetic activation reversal by poststroke T helper
                                                                  cell type 1‑like immunostimulation. J Exp Med 2003;198:725‑36.
          stronger impairment of oxidative burst capacity than   10.  Brinkmann V, Zychlinsky A. Beneficial suicide: why neutrophils die
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          suggest that alterations in innate immune functions may   11.  Papayannopoulos V, Zychlinsky A. NETs: a new strategy for using
                                                                  old weapons. Trends Immunol 2009;30:513‑21.
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          REFERENCES                                           Cite this article as: Ruhnau J, Vogelgesang A, Dressel A. The expanding
                                                               phenotype of stroke-induced immune alterations. Neuroimmunol
                                                               Neuroinflammation 2014;1(1):15-6.
          1.   Katzan IL, Cebul RD, Husak SH, Dawson NV, Baker DW. The effect   Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: No.
              of pneumonia on mortality among patients hospitalized for acute
              stroke. Neurology 2003;60:620‑5.                 Received: 09-05-2014; Accepted: 30-05-2014






























            16                                                 Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation | Volume 1 | Issue 1 | June 2014
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