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Page 10 of 14 Cui et al. Microbiome Res Rep. 2025;4:31 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2025.25

Table 2. Microbiota-targeted interventions for metabolic disorders
Reported effects and
Disorder Microbiota features Mechanisms Interventions
key references
Obesity ↑ Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, ↓ ↑ Caloric extraction, LPS-induced Akkermansia ↓ Fat mass, ↑ GLP-1, ↓
Akkermansia inflammation, ↓ barrier integrity supplementation, inflammation [70-75]
prebiotics
T2D ↓ Diversity, ↓ butyrate producers ↓ GLP-1 secretion, ↑ inflammation, ↓ Pro-/prebiotics, ↑ Glycemic control, ↑
(e.g., F. prausnitzii) insulin sensitivity bariatric surgery, FMT GLP-1, ↓ insulin
[76-81]
resistance
NAFLD ↑ Gut permeability, ↑ LPS, altered bile ↑ Hepatic inflammation, ↓ β- Prebiotics, synbiotics, ↓ Hepatic fat, ↓ oxidative
acid metabolism oxidation, ↑ steatosis IL-22-based strategies stress, ↑ lipid
[82-86]
oxidation
Metabolic ↓ Diversity, ↑ ↑ Inflammation, insulin resistance Pre-/pro-/synbiotics Mixed results;
syndrome Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, ↑ LPS personalized strategies
suggested [87,88]
Hypertension ↓ Diversity; ↑ Muribaculaceae, Impaired SCFA signaling (↓ GPR43); Probiotics, prebiotics, FMT from hypertensive
Alistipes; ↓ Ruminococcus, Eubacterium ↑ acetate-CoA ligase; promotes FMT (preclinical) donors induces
eligens inflammation and vascular hypertension in
dysfunction mice [89,90]
PCOS ↓ Diversity, ↑ Escherichia-Shigella, ↓ ↑ Insulin resistance, androgen Pro-/prebiotics, FMT, Improved insulin
Akkermansia biosynthesis, inflammation designer consortia sensitivity and menstrual
regulation [91-93]
LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; T2D: type 2 diabetes; FMT: fecal microbiota transplantation; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty
liver disease; SCFA: short-chain fatty acid; PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome.

to reduce abdominal fat. FMT experiments confirm the causal role of microbial communities in transferring
fat deposition phenotypes. Furthermore, the conserved mechanisms linking dysbiosis to metabolic disorders
(obesity, T2D, NAFLD) across species highlight the dual role of microbial metabolites: SCFAs and
secondary bile acids ameliorate metabolic inflammation, whereas LPS and BCAA imbalances exacerbate
lipid dysregulation.

Future research should prioritize precision interventions that target specific microbial pathways - such as
engineered probiotics, metabolite analogs, and bacteriophage therapy - to enhance both livestock
productivity and human metabolic health. The integration of multi-omics approaches (e.g., metagenomics,
metabolomics, transcriptomics) will be essential to uncover functional microbial targets and accelerate the
development of effective microbiota-based therapies. However, translating these strategies into clinical and
agricultural applications remains challenging due to individual variability in microbiota responses and
concerns regarding the long-term safety and stability of engineered microbial consortia.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to the conception of the study and wrote the manuscript: Cui X
Collected materials and reviewed the literature: Yuan Q
Reviewed the literature: Long J, Zhou J

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province
(SJCX24_2293).