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Page 10 of 12 Sane et al. Microbiome Res Rep 2023;2:18 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2023.12

commensal bacteria elicit T-independent IgA responses, except M. schaedlerii, suggesting in the latter case
[33]
uptake of the intestinal bacteria by APC . Expansion of M. schaedlerii could therefore result in immune
cell elicitation.

Overall, Lpps primarily protected rats from OA progression through modulation of the microbiota, on one
hand, reducing bacteria with a common acetate end-product, and on the other hand, promoting bacteria
producing L-Trp metabolites, with a possible reinforcement of the AhR pathway.

At any rate, the promising results demand further investigation focusing on metabolomic analysis. Still,
even though the model presents some limitations, our study substantiated the gut-joint axis in the context
of OA, opening new avenues for manipulating the microbiome by using bifidobacterial Lpps.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgements
We are deeply grateful to Sokhuntheany Ly and Frédéric Huguet for their technical support.

Authors’ contributions
The design of the study, interpretation of the data, revising the manuscript and approving the final
submitted version: Sane F
Interpretation of the results, writing of the manuscript and approving the final submitted version: Piva F
Design of the study, execution of the study, data collection, data analysis, interpretation of data, drafting of
the manuscript and approving the final manuscript: Romond MB

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
Not applicable.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Experiments in the animals were approved by the Ethical Committee N°120 (n° 4160-201602171657248).

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

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