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Tredway et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2020;4:78 Mini-invasive Surgery
DOI: 10.20517/2574-1225.2020.77

Review Open Access

3D printing applications for percutaneous structural
interventions in congenital heart disease

Hannah Tredway , Nikhil Pasumarti , Matthew A. Crystal , Kanwal M. Farooqi 2
1
2
2
1 Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
2 Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center,
New York, NY 10032, USA.
Correspondence to: Dr. Kanwal M. Farooqi, New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Morgan Stanley
Children’s Hospital, 3959 Broadway, CHN 2, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail: kf2549@cumc.columbia.edu
How to cite this article: Tredway H, Pasumarti N, Crystal MA, Farooqi KM. 3D printing applications for percutaneous structural
interventions in congenital heart disease. Mini-invasive Surg 2020;4:78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2020.77
Received: 31 Jul 2020 First Decision: 4 Sep 2020 Revised: 16 Sep 2020 Accepted: 27 Sep 2020 Published: 6 Nov 2020

Academic Editor: Bobak Mosadegh Copy Editor: Cai-Hong Wang Production Editor: Jing Yu

Abstract
The past several decades have seen remarkable advancements in percutaneous interventions for treatment
of congenital heart disease (CHD). These advancements have been significantly aided by improvements in
noninvasive diagnostic imaging. The use of three-dimensional (3D) printed models for planning and simulation
of catheter-based procedures has been demonstrated for numerous cardiac defects and has been shown to
reduce complications, procedure times, and limit radiation exposure. This paper reviews the process by which
patient-specific 3D cardiac models are produced, as well as numerous applications of these models for use in
percutaneous interventions in CHD.

Keywords: 3D models, pediatric interventional cardiology, congenital heart disease

INTRODUCTION
Over the past several decades, there has been a tremendous reduction in the morbidity and mortality
associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) treatment. The wide array of anatomic pathologies can
make diagnosis and management of these defects particularly challenging. Advances in the therapies
for CHD have been aided largely by improvements in noninvasive diagnostic imaging. Traditional
echocardiography demonstrates cardiac anatomy in two-dimensional (2D) planes, thereby limiting one’s
ability to fully visualize complex intracardiac structures and spatial relationships. While three-dimensional

© The Author(s) 2020. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long
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