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Page 8 of 13 Ohmura et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2019;3:4 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2018.69

Table 1. Demographic characteristics, perioperative details, and pathological outcome of gastric cancer patients
EC-THS (n = 85) IC-HHS (n = 110)
Variable P value
Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range
Backgrounds
Age, mean ± SD (y.o.) 70.7 ± 9.5 44-88 71.2 ± 10.2 38-93 P = 0.68
Sex, No. (%)
Male 58 (68.2%) 77 (70.0%) P = 0.79
Female 27 (31.8%) 33 (30.0%)
BMI, mean ± SD (kg/m ) 23.5 ± 3.3 19-31 22.7 ± 3.5 17-34 P = 0.17
2
ASA classification, No. (%)
I 17 (20.0%) 18 (16.4%) P = 0.57
II 55 (64.7%) 74 (67.3%)
III 13 (15.3%) 18 (16.4%)
Location, No. (%)
Upper stomach 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) P = 0.21
Middle stomach 58 (68.2%) 84 (76.4%)
Lower stomach 27 (31.8%) 26 (23.6%)
Lower stomach (D+) 2 (1.8%) 3 (2.7%)
Prior abdominal surgery, No. (%)
Yes 23 (27.1%) 20 (18.2%) P = 0.14
No 62 (72.9%) 90 (81.8%)
Anticoagulant use, No. (%)
Yes 17 (20.0%) 21 (19.1%) P = 0.87
No 68 (80.0%) 89 (80.9%)
Perioperative details
Lymph node dissection, No. (%)
D1+ 84 (98.8%) 96 (87.3%) P < 0.01
D2 1 (1.2%) 14 (12.7%)
Operation time, mean ± SD (min) 234.8 ± 29.6 175-302 275.0 ± 34.7 230-411 P < 0.01
Blood loss, mean ± SD (mL) 48.4 ± 39.6 5-180 25.4 ± 32.6 3-140 P = 0.03
Cholecystectomy, No. (%) 8 (9.4%) 17 (15.6%) P = 0.21
Complications, C-D grade No. (%)
Grade I 5 (5.9%) 1 (0.9%)
Grade II 4 (4.7%) 2 (1.8%)
Grade IIIa 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Grade IIIc 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.9%)
LOHS, mean ± SD (day) 14.6 ± 3.8 5-23 13.3 ± 4.8 7-34 P = 0.04
Pathological outcomes
T stage, No. (%)
Mucosa 47 (55.3%) 64 (58.2%) P = 0.83
Submucosa 24 (28.2%) 27 (24.5%)
Muscularis propria 8 (9.4%) 8 (7.3%)
Subserosa 6 (7.1%) 11 (10.0%)
N stage, No. (%)
0 83 (97.6%) 105 (95.5%) P = 0.43
1 (1-3) 2 (2.4%) 5 (4.5%)
Lymph node yield, mean ± SD (No.) 30.8 ± 10.2 11-59 29.4 ± 9.8 11-59 P = 0.34
Pathological stage, No. (%)
IA 67 (78.8%) 90 (81.8%) P = 0.75
IB 11 (12.9%) 8 (7.3%)
IIA 6 (7.1%) 6 (5.5%)
IIB 1 (1.2%) 6 (5.5%)
EC-THS: extracorporeal-total hand-sewn group; IC-HHS: intracorporeal-hemi-hand-sewn group; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass
index; ASA score: American Society of Anthologist score; C-D grade: Clavien-Dindo classification grade; LOHS: post-operative length of
hospital stay

Though a B-I gastroduodenostomy requires only one anastomosis, it is difficult to perform through a small
laparotomy in obese patients. The degree of difficulty is greatly affected by the patient’s figure. On the