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Table 1. Characteristics of included studies
Number
Type of Pre-existing Observation Learning curve
Author Year Region of Robot Procedure Assisting cases Learning curve plateau
study patients experience cases analysis method
Chao et al. [32] 2020 USA Retrospective 39 Da Vinci MIE McKeown; Robotic NR NR CUSUM 12 cases for safe lymph node
Si/Xi thoracic phase dissection along the left
recurrent laryngeal nerve
[33]
Duan et al. 2020 China Retrospective 70 Da Vinci Open/MIE McKeown; Robotic NR NR CUSUM 43 cases for safe lymph node
Si/Xi thoracic and dissection along the left
abdominal phase recurrent laryngeal nerve
Fuchs et al. [24] 2019 Germany Prospective 70 Da Vinci 30 Simple training Ivor Lewis; Robotic NR NR Cohort comparison NR
Xi robotic procedures with thoracic phase
increasing difficulty
Modular step-up
approach
Grimminger 2019 Germany Prospective 25 Da Vinci Hybrid and MIE Ivor Lewis; Robotic NR NR Consecutive 25- NR
et al. [30] Xi thoracic phase patient cohort
comparison RAMIE
vs. MIE vs. hybrid
Han et al. [16] 2022 USA Retrospective 124 Da Vinci MIE Ivor Lewis; Robotic NR NR CUSUM/ RA-CUSUM 73 cases for increased lymph
S thoracic and node yield
abdominal phase
46 cases for decreased total
operation time
39 cases for decreased
abdominal operation time
55 cases for decreased
thoracic operation time
29 cases for stapled
anastomoses
15 cases for hand sewing
anastomosis
51 cases for decreased major
complication rates
Hernandez 2013 USA Prospective 52 Da Vinci MIE Ivor Lewis; Robotic NR NR Comparison of 20 cases for decreased total
etal. [26] thoracic and successive 10-patient operating time
abdominal phase cohorts
Hsieh et al. [19] 2022 Taiwan Retrospective 179 Da Vinci Open esophagectomies McKeown; Robotic NR 50 CUSUM 41 cases for decreased
S/Si/Xi Thoracoscopic thoracic phase thoracic operating time from
lung/mediastinal the surgeon with pree-existing
operations > 150 VATE experience
VATE (surgeon A)
32 cases for decreased
thoracic operating time from