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field of view (156°), a higher-resolution camera, and a longer battery life of approximately 12 h [57,58] . The
third-generation SBCE automatically adjusts the imaging frame rate based on the capsule’s speed as it passes
through the small-bowel. Unlike the fixed two images per second in the second-generation SBCE, the third-
generation SBCE can receive up to six images per second, depending on the capsule’s speed. Hirata et al.
reported that the third-generation PillCam SB3 with an Adaptive Frame Rate (AFR) showed improved
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[59]
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diagnostic performance compared with the second-generation PillCam SB2 . Figure 1 displays
endoscopic images of small-bowel angioectasia captured by each generation of the PillCam ,
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demonstrating enhanced image quality and visibility of the lesion and surrounding villous structures.
Another innovative CE is the CapsoCam Plus® (CapsoVision, Inc. Saratoga, USA), measuring 31.0 mm in
length and 11.0 mm in width, which stands out due to its distinctive features. It features four small cameras
that enable a 360-degree panoramic view [Figure 2] and includes flash memory within the capsule body to
store all images internally. Since there is no need for image transmission, the CapsoCam Plus® can operate
for extended periods, surpassing other SBCE modalities in battery life. The prototype panoramic-view CE
was able to identify the Vater papilla, the only landmark in the small-bowel, at a high rate of approximately
70% . Also, it demonstrated high total small-bowel observation rates due to its long-lasting battery .
[6]
[21]
Endocapsules were first reported in 2008 . Olympus subsequently released a second-generation SBCE
[60]
device called the EndoCapsule 10 , measuring 26.0 mm in length and 11.0 mm in width. This improved
[61]
version featured better image quality, a larger angle of view, and a longer battery life compared to the first-
generation capsule. However, no studies have yet compared the diagnostic yields of these SBCE techniques.

The MiroCam® (Introduction Medic, Seoul, Korea) functions differently, transmitting captured
gastrointestinal images via human body communication to sensor pads attached to the patient’s body. This
unique image-transmission system enhances the battery life. The safety and efficacy of the MiroCam® were
initially reported in a clinical trial in 2009 . The latest MiroCam® models, MC1600 and MC2000, measure
[62]
24.5 and 30.1 mm in length, respectively, and 11.0 mm in width. MC1600 offers a constant frame rate of 6
frames per second (FPS), while MC2000 boasts two cameras on each side of the capsule with a constant
frame rate of 3 FPS. MC2000 is expected to improve diagnostic performance due to its wide viewing angle
[63]
of 340° .

Finally, the OMOM capsules, developed by Jinshan Science and Technology (Chongqing, Yubei, China),
have also resulted in significant advancements. The latest model, the OMOM HD capsule, measures
25.4 mm in length and 11.0 mm in width. With an AFR similar to that of the PillCam SB3, the OMOM
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HD capsule’s frame rate can be adjusted to 10 FPS using an advanced sensor.

Comparison of diagnostic capability among SBCEs
The current section provides an overview of multiple SBCE modalities, including PillCam , Endocapsule,
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MiroCam®, CapsoCam, and OMOM. Numerous studies have compared the diagnostic performance of these
devices, particularly focusing on their diagnostic yields, reading times, and overall concordance rates in
detecting small-bowel lesions and other gastrointestinal abnormalities.

PillCam vs. Endocapsule
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Although the Endocapsule detected a slightly higher number of small-bowel lesions in two previous
reports [64,65] (17 vs. 24 lesions in one study and 26 vs. 29 lesions in another), these differences were not
statistically significant. Both devices exhibit similar diagnostic capabilities, suggesting that either modality
can be effectively used in clinical practice for detecting small-bowel lesions.