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Sulaiman et al. J Transl Genet Genom 2020;4:159-87 I https://doi.org/10.20517/jtgg.2020.27 Page 179

Table 3. mtDNA tests available on the market
Year founded,
Company URL Method Main purpose of test
location
Centogene https://www.centogene.com 2006, UK Whole-exome sequencing Genealogy
GeneDX https://www.genedx.com 2000
Family Tree DNA http://www.familytreedna.com 1999, USA Next-generation sequencing Mitochondrial DNA analysis
2000x coverage - limited hypervariable region
test or full sequence test
Gene Base Systems, https://www.genebase.com 2005, Vancouver, British, Advanced fluorescent probe Genealogy
Inc Columbia, Canada technology for sequencing DNA
23andMe, Inc https://www.23andme.com 2006, California Illumina Global Screening Array Ancestry, DNA relatives
(GSA) customized chip
YSEQ https://www.yseq.net/ 2013 Sequencing Ancestry
Full Genomes https://www.fullgenomes.com 2013, USA Next-generation sequencing Focusing on the Y
Corporation chromosome and WGS
Living DNA https://livingdna.com 2016, England, UK Next-generation sequencing Y-DNA, mtDNA haplogroup
Oxford Ancestors http://www.oxfordancestors.com 2000, England, UK Next-generation sequencing mtDNA, Y chromosome

a comprehensive detection strategy with high sensitivity and specificity. Early identification of affected
individuals is important for the patient’s outcome, as early treatment will result in a better prognosis.
Importantly, with a simple blood sampling, the cascade screening of the family members can be done with
the same strategy.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Wrote the manuscript and revised the manuscript for intellectual content: Sulaiman SA
Wrote a few parts of the manuscript: Mohd Rani Z, Radin FZM
Planned and wrote the manuscript and also revised the manuscript for intellectual content: Abdul Murad NA

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020.

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